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• W2003282671 abstract "In a field as fast-growing and high-profile as stem cell research, friends are vital. To this end, for more than a decade researchers around the world have steadily been building national networks to create stronger professional bonds. Their hope is that the strength of these scientific connections might foster excellence in the field, help younger researchers move forward in their careers, and improve the public image of stem cell science. In 2005 these disparate national networks were collected under a global umbrella group known as the International Consortium of Stem Cell Networks. Today, it has 17 members, stretching from as far south as New South Wales to as far north as Norway. “Stem cell networks are thriving,” says Michael Rudnicki, who chairs the consortium and is also the scientific director of Canada’s Stem Cell Network. His own network, based in Ottawa, is the oldest, founded in 2001. It was given 14 years of government funding, which now stands at more than 6,000,000 Canadian dollars a year. This allows the network to fund research as well as promote outreach and work on policy. Unfortunately, at the end of its funding cycle in 2015, the Canadian Stem Cell Network will no longer exist, at least in its present form. Networking activities may continue, however, if alternative sources of income can be secured. Rudnicki says that the network’s aim was to have one clinical trial by the end of the funding cycle. Already, the number of trials has entered double digits. Their secret, he explains, is to “give out grants, but be strategic about it. We, in a very nimble way, can change the way we do business.” Unlike other funders, the network can be far quicker to pick out promising research areas among its membership. Their success stories include a cancer stem cell project, which screened drugs that targeted tumor cells and has since spun off numerous clinical trials. The Canadian Stem Cell Network has also helped to bring together researchers from different disciplines. One incentive for them to become involved, says Rudnicki, is the prospect of seeing their work translated in unanticipated ways. Angela McDonald, a Ph.D. student at the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto, joined the network in 2009. “I can't imagine what my graduate school experience would have looked like without it,” she says. “It has been involved in every aspect of my training, from funding one of my Ph.D. projects to allowing me to present my research at Stem Cell Network annual meetings.” The network has also helped her to become involved in extracurricular activities, including public education programs and writing for the network’s blog. And it has taken her as far and wide as a workshop in the Canadian Rocky Mountains to a summer school on a Greek island. “Networks can be very useful,” agrees Clare Blackburn, Professor of Tissue Stem Cell Biology at the Centre for Regenerative Medicine at the University of Edinburgh, and Coordinator of EuroStemCell, which is not a network as such but a partnership founded in 2008 that links around 90 European laboratories with ethicists, social scientists, and science communicators, with the aim of relaying their research to the public. She suggests that networks “should be driven by scientists, rather than by administrators,” adding that Canada’s Stem Cell Network is “a really fantastic model,” demonstrating just how much a well-funded and well-supported network can achieve. It may seem a shame, then, that the Canadian Stem Cell Network will be gone in a couple of years. But Rudnicki is nevertheless proud of what the network has achieved. “The sunsetting of the Stem Cell Network in 2015 will without question leave a gap, but our legacy will live on,” he says. As stem cell research advances, new national networks are emerging. “I always felt it was important we had something like this in Germany,” says Daniel Besser, coordinator of the German Stem Cell Network, which was founded in May, 2013 (Figure 1). Among its primary goals, he says, are to develop new technologies and do more to translate basic science into applied research. Their first event, an annual conference, was held in Berlin in November, attracting 400 participants. The network’s membership has already blossomed to 270, including 100 junior scientists. “The German Stem Cell Network puts particular focus on the promotion of junior scientists and working groups covering strategic topics such as career development, future funding policies, and patient information on available therapies,” says Oliver Brüstle, Professor of Reconstructive Neurobiology at the University of Bonn, and acting president of the network. It has received a year’s funding from the government, after which—if it is successful— it needs to create a cofinancing structure to ensure its survival. The hope is to reap a third of its income from membership fees. A particular challenge for the network is the public reputation of stem cell research in Germany. Controversy was stoked in 2010 following the death of a baby who was treated using dubious and unproven stem cell therapies at a clinic in Düsseldorf (in 2011, the clinic was closed down). In this atmosphere of public concern, Daniel Besser says that the network would like to better advise patients about these kinds of therapies. “We also need more public education. We want to inform everyone from schools to politicians,” he adds. Another fairly recent addition to the list of national networks is Stem Cells Australia, which launched in November, 2011. It has 7 years of funding from the Australian Research Council, amounting to 3,000,000 Australian dollars a year. “In Australia in particular a network is really critical to our competitiveness in this very active and fast moving field,” says Martin Pera, Professor of Stem Cell Stem Sciences at the University of Melbourne, and Stem Cells Australia Program Leader. “Our scientific community is of very high quality, but it is relatively small, and our resources are quite limited. Thus there is actually no alternative to working effectively together if we wish to remain on the cutting edge of this field… Perhaps our biggest continuing limitation is the relatively small pool of funding for stem cell research and regenerative medicine here in Australia.” Stem Cells Australia’s membership includes 37 scientists, ranging from senior level researchers to early career stage investigators. “Many have backgrounds in stem cell biology and development, but we also have experts in bioinformatics, nanotechnology and materials science, chemical biology, and bioengineering,” says Pera. “There are always challenges in establishing genuine collaborative links between diverse scientific groups in different institutions spread across a large country, but I think we are meeting these.” Again, like in Germany, public engagement is important to Australian researchers. “Our biggest challenge in public policy now is the proliferation of clinics offering unproven stem cell treatments outside of the context of a clinical trial. This is particularly an issue with autologous cell therapy, which unfortunately falls outside of our national cell therapy regulatory framework, which is otherwise excellent,” explains Pera. “We have a program devoted to outreach, ethics, education, and law, and much of our focus there, beyond scientific education, is on promotion of a realistic awareness of the current state of stem cell medicine amongst patients, their families and friends, and health care professionals.” Although Germany and Australia continue to struggle to engage the public positively with the idea of stem cell research, Canadian scientists have enjoyed strong approval ratings, says Michael Rudnicki. Part of this is due to a general cultural acceptance, he explains, but he also credits the Stem Cell Network for part of it. “We’re seen as an honest broker,” when it comes to bringing people together around policy issues, he says. The network also funds art and museum exhibits, some of which are on international tour. Some networks may be blooming, but others have already started to wither. At the end of 2011, the sponsors of the UK National Stem Cell Network called time on the organization by ending its funding. Peter Andrews, Professor of Biomedical Science at the University of Sheffield, blames this partly on the fact that its organization was too “top-down.” The other problem, he adds, is that there were “too many diverse, competing interests. It tried to do too many things for too many people.” While Andrews accepts that national stem cell networks can “serve a function,” he adds, “Only so long as they’re set up in ways that allow people to talk to each other.” Daniel Besser from the German Stem Cell Network agrees that good networks shouldn’t just rely on senior scientists, but that they need input from both gurus in the field and those lower down the chain. This has been a particular issue for Japanese stem cell researchers, explains Hironobu Fujiwara, a researcher at the RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, who founded its Stem Cell Club in 2013. According to Fujiwara, strong hierarchical structures in some Japanese research institutions can dampen young researchers’ enthusiasm to develop networks. However, he adds, the RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology is committed to providing a collegial work environment and flat organization for research staff. “We feel it is important to maximize interactions between people in different labs as the institute is quite large and spread out over several buildings. So, we aim to provide a platform for meeting and interacting with scientists from various fields relating to stem cells” he says. The RIKEN Center’s Stem Cell Club has no funding as yet, and is less of a formal network than a regular meet-up for like-minded scientists. Yet it has managed to attract 30 scientists among the institute’s staff. They get together once a month and host seminars with invited speakers. “This is a very local activity, bottom-up style,” says Fujiwara. Without a sizeable income, maintaining a network can be tough. When asked what the cornerstone to a network’s success is, Michael Rudnicki is unequivocal: “It helps to be able to fund research.” Networks that are able to only hold events and workshops can only go so far in attracting members and encouraging them to get involved. “Our model gives us the ability to walk the walk,” he says, referring to the Canadian Stem Cell Network. His ambitious vision for the future of the International Consortium of Stem Cell Networks is that it will be able to fund joint research projects around the world, in the same way that the Canadian network funds domestic research. The problem, he laments, is that there has been a falling off of “international funding for research across the board around the world.” The New York Stem Cell Foundation, an independent research institute that has 45 people working in its own laboratory and also supports external scientists, is an example of one kind of network that has focused its resources almost exclusively on funding research. Susan Solomon, the foundation’s Chief Executive Officer, explains that this activity is especially important in stem cell research because it’s an area that has been “neglected and underfunded by the traditional funding mechanisms,” such as large government grants. It means they are able to continue research even if national policies on stem cell research change. Collaboration is the keystone to making this New York model successful. “We work closely with a number of different stem cell and research networks,” including “the International Society for Stem Cell Research, the Canadian Stem Cell Network, the California Institute of Regenerative Medicine, the Center for Commercialization of Regenerative Medicine, and the Alliance for Regenerative Medicine,” says Solomon. Her advice for others hoping to start a similar network is, “to build a robust advisory board consisting of the leading experts in your field and to discuss with them what is needed to be successful in your chosen goals and where opportunities and possible advancements lie.” Of course, networks and clubs can still thrive without money. Despite the importance of funding to the survival of so many national stem cell networks, the RIKEN Center’s Stem Cell Club in Japan proves that, where there is a strong desire for researchers to meet, anything is possible. Hironobu Fujiwara says that the secret is to, “find cooperators who are motivated, prepared to make great sacrifices, and can share values.”" @default.
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• W2003282671 title "International Stem Cell Networks: The Power of Contacts" @default.
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