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• W2005287877 abstract "It is well known that the brilliance of fluorescent screens and the speed or sensitivity of radiographic films are affected by changes in temperature. Although these phenomena have been of little more than academic interest in the past, they have recently assumed new importance because of the varied climatic conditions under which radiological examinations are conducted in the military services. The relationship between temperature and the brilliance of a fluorescent material is relatively simple (1, 2). At very low temperatures fluorescent emission is low but it rises rapidly as temperature increases and reaches a maximum at a point depending upon the chemical composition of the material. Beyond this point the emission gradually decreases and falls again to very low levels at high temperatures. Calcium tungstate screens fluoresce most brilliantly at about -100° C. At room-temperature (25° C.) their emission is approximately 35 per cent less than maximum and diminishes steadily as temperature is increased. The temperature of maximum brilliance for zinc sulfide (fluorazure and photoroentgen) and for zinc cadmium sulfide (type “B” fluoroscopic) screens is at or near room-temperature. The emission of these materials changes only slightly when temperature is increased or decreased as much as 100° C. The effect of temperature on the speed or sensitivity of radiographic films is dependent on the method of exposure. Films exposed with roentgen rays directly exhibit a slow rise in sensitivity as temperature increases (3). The behavior of films exposed with intensifying screens is more complex. Since almost all of the blackening produced in films exposed in this manner is the result of fluorescent radiation lying within the visible spectrum, such films react to temperature in much the same way as photographic materials. Webb (4) has shown that this reaction is closely related to the phenomenon of reciprocity law failure. The reciprocity law states, among other things, that a particular quantity of radiation always produces the same photographic effect regardless of the intensity2 of the exposing radiation. It long has been recognized that photographic films do not in general fulfill this law, and it has recently been shown that the law is also violated by radiographic films exposed with intensifying screens (5). Relatively large quantities of radiation are required to produce a given photographic or radiographic effect when the intensity of the exposing radiation is low. As intensity increases, the amount of radiation required decreases and reaches a minimum near the intensity level commonly employed in general radiography. When intensity is increased still further, the necessary quantity of radiation increases and rises again to high values at high intensity levels. A curve illustrating the relative quantities of radiation required to produce a film-density of 1.0 (approximately the average density of a correctly exposed film) in a typical photographic emulsion at various levels of intensity is shown in Figure 1. Such a curve is usually referred to as a reciprocity-law-failure curve. The exposure times corresponding to the various intensity levels are indicated by the diagonals. Webb (4) has observed that changes in temperature cause a shift in the reciprocity-law-failure curve of a film in the direction of the intensity-axis. Increasing temperature effects a shift to the right, whereas decreasing temperature causes a shift to the left." @default.
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• W2005287877 date "1944-09-01" @default.
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• W2005287877 title "A Quantitative Study of the Effect of Temperature on Sensitivities of X-Ray Screens and Films" @default.
• W2005287877 doi "https://doi.org/10.1148/43.3.256" @default.
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