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- W200607905 abstract "Xhe continents of South America, Africa, Antarctica, Australia, and India were once joined in a large land mass in the southern hemisphere called Gondwana. About 100 million years ago (mya) South America began to separate from Africa, moving in a primarily westward direction. There is no convincing geological evidence to indicate that South America had a continuous land connection with any other continent _ until about 3 mya, when the Bolivar Trough marine barrier disappeared and the Americas were united by the emergence of the Panamanian land bridge. The long-isolated continental biotas of North and South America were brought into contact, resulting in an intermingling that has come to be known as the Great American Interchange (Webb 1976; Fig. 1). The site of the former Bolivar Trough is thus the gateway for this event, de noting the historical boundary be tween two biotic provinces (Fig. 2). Although many different groups of plants and animals took part in the interchange, I will focus on land mammals, which are the most thoroughly studied of the participants. The Great American Interchange was first recog nized by Wallace (1876), but it has taken another hun dred years of intense paleontological study by Amegh ino, Matthew, Scott, Patterson, Simpson, Webb, and others to clarify patterns of dispersal (see, for example, Marshall 1981, 1985; Webb 1985; Webb and Marshall The emergence of the Panamanian land bridge three million years ago permitted the mingling of the long-separated faunas of North and South America 1982). It is only during the last decade, moreover, that greater precision in dating the sediments containing interchange taxa has provided a firm time frame for various aspects of the event. It is now possible to assess the interchange in detail, and to analyze the tempo and mode of dispersal and the rates of extinction and origina tion in successive faunas through time. As a result, the _ Great American Interchange repre sents the best-documented example in the fossil record of the intermin" @default.
- W200607905 created "2016-06-24" @default.
- W200607905 creator A5057396840 @default.
- W200607905 date "1988-07-01" @default.
- W200607905 modified "2023-10-16" @default.
- W200607905 title "Land Mammals and the Great American Interchange" @default.
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