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• W2006159546 abstract "These essays are the product of an academic conference celebrating the end of the Dutch occupation of Brazil (1654) and the 400th birthday of its most famous governor, Johan Maurits van Nassau-Siegen. The book’s unassuming goals are to introduce Dutch Brazil to a Spanish-reading audience and to place this issue into international perspective. Contributions from American, Brazilian, Chilean, Dutch, and Spanish professionals create an academic work that will serve as a useful reference for specialized historians.The main theme of the collection is how the West Indies Company occupied northeast Brazil as part of the Dutch republic’s strategies to break Spain’s stronghold in the Americas. The collection is ordered chronologically, starting with essays on the WIC’s strategies in the Atlantic and the military reactions of the Dutch conquests, followed by in-depth chapters on governance and interethnic relations during the Dutch occupation of northeast Brazil and on the impact of Dutch Brazil on both the Caribbean and the Pacific. The final essays are reports about Dutch Brazil’s legacy in Pernambuco and on archeological preservation. The archaeologists and historians each approach their topics from distinct disciplinary perspectives, which introduces the reader to a variety of historiographies and viewpoints. Collectively, these essays offer the reader new insights about the significance of the WIC’s occupation of northeast Brazil (1630 – 54).While not an explicit goal of the collection, the essays pay attention to four aspects of Dutch Brazilian history: long-range strategies, mentalité, internal strife, and archaeology. Historians of overseas expansion are most interested in long-range strategies. For Pieter Emmer and Enriqueta Vila Vilar, the key component is the slave trade. Emmer argues that at the time of Brazil’s occupation, sugar was the only cash crop sufficiently lucrative to make the use of enslaved Africans’ labor economically viable; the Caribbean islands still used indentured labor to raise tobacco. Vila Vilar maintains that, among other results, the WIC’s actions made it impossible for Spain to engage in the slave trade independently. Both approaches raise broader questions about the meaning of national origin for commercial restrictions, especially given the global character of commercial interactions in the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian oceans.The essays on mentalité de-emphasize the national approach. Stuart Schwartz, in a stimulating contribution (also forthcoming in Jonathan Israel and Stuart Schwartz, The Expansion of Tolerance: Religion in Dutch Brazil, 1624 – 1654), maintains that cooperation between the moradores (Luso-Brazilian settlers) and company settlers was greater than prior historians have argued. This was not only because of “Dutch” tolerance but also because of “Iberian” backgrounds. Schwartz puts tolerance in religious and commercial terms: he argues that some Catholic writings allowed for interaction with Calvinists and that some intermarriage took place, with conversions to both Protestantism and Catholicism. In the end, the victorious Luso-Brazilian forces even allowed the Jewish population time to sell their property before they were forced to leave. Schwartz points out that leverage for mutual interaction at a personal level was more widespread than previously believed. Later histories of the war, mostly written by Luso-Brazilian clergy, had to counterbalance this cooperation by stressing exactly the opposite. Ernst van den Boogaard studies different visions of Tapuya cannibalism to contrast Dutch and Portuguese authorities. Analyzing Eckhout’s famous painting “The Dance of the Tapuyas,” the Dutch historian explains that eating one’s dead family member was considered different from consuming the defeated enemy. Unlike Portuguese interpretations, the WIC therefore did not view the Tapuya enemies as inspired by the devil, but rather as well-organized allies. Van den Boogaard’s and Schwartz’s essays are complementary: they both convey past efforts to align personal with collective interests.The articles by Rafael Valladares, Manuel Herrero Sánchez, José Manuel Santos Pérez, and George Cabral de Souza can be read in the same way. For the first two, Iberian family allegiance and internal strife in the Dutch republic stood in the way of the Conde de Torres’s relief fleet of 1638 and a Spanish-Dutch alliance after 1648. For the latter two historians, merchants and sugar-mill owners were defending different interests, a conflict that could only be resolved when each group’s interests converged during the eighteenth century.After 1654, Dutch, Spanish American, and Luso-Brazilian merchants continued to trade with each other in the Caribbean, Brazil, and West Africa. They learned how to use trade restrictions by national governments to their own personal advantages. As for the legacy of Dutch Brazil, the archaeologists have the last word in this collection. Their most impressive findings are the remains of Luso-Brazilian war casualties, and the lack of WIC graves. Indeed, 21 years of warfare and 3 years of peace had left a lasting imprint." @default.
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• W2006159546 date "2008-02-01" @default.
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• W2006159546 title "El Desafío holandés al dominio ibérico en Brasil en el siglo XVII" @default.
• W2006159546 doi "https://doi.org/10.1215/00182168-2007-092" @default.
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