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• W2006284996 abstract "Since vertical tissue sections used for the study of the human cutaneous nervous system inherently allow visualization of only a small part of the mainly horizontally oriented cutaneous nerves, we searched for possibilities to extend this view. We now propose a method based on the immuno-staining of dermal sheet preparations for subsequent analysis by electron-, light- or laser scanning microscopy. Dermal sheet preparations for the first time allowed the imaging of the complex structure of the nerve end organ over several cm2, and facilitated viewing of its topological relationship to other tissue components. We could visualize that the bulk of free ending nerve fibers ramified within 25μm of the dermo-epidermal junction, whereas below that only larger nerve bundles were present. This method further allowed the detection and quantification of NCAM/CD56+ non-myelinating Schwann cells which envelope terminal axons within the dermis. Depending on the body region, we detected between 140 to over 300 individual terminal Schwann cells per mm2 skin surface. Our method should allow the acquisition of new insights into the highly organized architecture of the skin nerve end organ. Its further application will give new impetus in the investigation of alterations of this skin compartment under pathological conditions. Since vertical tissue sections used for the study of the human cutaneous nervous system inherently allow visualization of only a small part of the mainly horizontally oriented cutaneous nerves, we searched for possibilities to extend this view. We now propose a method based on the immuno-staining of dermal sheet preparations for subsequent analysis by electron-, light- or laser scanning microscopy. Dermal sheet preparations for the first time allowed the imaging of the complex structure of the nerve end organ over several cm2, and facilitated viewing of its topological relationship to other tissue components. We could visualize that the bulk of free ending nerve fibers ramified within 25μm of the dermo-epidermal junction, whereas below that only larger nerve bundles were present. This method further allowed the detection and quantification of NCAM/CD56+ non-myelinating Schwann cells which envelope terminal axons within the dermis. Depending on the body region, we detected between 140 to over 300 individual terminal Schwann cells per mm2 skin surface. Our method should allow the acquisition of new insights into the highly organized architecture of the skin nerve end organ. Its further application will give new impetus in the investigation of alterations of this skin compartment under pathological conditions. neural cell adhesion molecule von Willebrand factor The skin is an important sensory organ, being the interface with the environment. A complex network of sensory nerves permits the perception of touch, temperature, and pain (Weddell, 1945Weddell G. The anatomy of cutaneous sensibility.Br Med Bull. 1945; 3: 167-172PubMed Google Scholar). Alterations of cutaneous nerves are involved in peripheral neuropathies and in certain skin diseases (Johansson et al., 1991Johansson O. Han S.W. Enhamre A. Altered cutaneous innervation in psoriatic skin as revealed by PGP 9.5 immunohistochemstry.Arch Dermatol Res. 1991; 283: 519-523Crossref PubMed Scopus (40) Google Scholar;Stewart and Low, 1993Stewart J.D. Low P.A. Small-fiber neuropathy.in: Low P.A. Clinical Autonomic Disorders: Evaluation and Management. Little, Brown, Boston1993: 653-666Google Scholar;Sugiura et al., 1997Sugiura H. Omoto M. Hirota Y. Danno K. Uehara M. Density and fine structure of peripheral nerves in various skin lesions of atopic dermatitis.Arch Dermatol Res. 1997; 289: 125-131Crossref PubMed Scopus (107) Google Scholar). Thus, characterization of the elements of the cutaneous sensory nerve system at the cellular level, its spatial organization, and its relationship to other structures in the skin is necessary for the understanding of its function under physiologic and pathologic conditions. Studies dating back as far as the middle of the 20th century provide the basis for our current understanding of the architecture of the skin nervous system: Nonmyelinating nerve fibers from dorsal root ganglia enter the skin where they spread out to form a complex network (Weddell, 1945Weddell G. The anatomy of cutaneous sensibility.Br Med Bull. 1945; 3: 167-172PubMed Google Scholar;Winkelmann, 1960Winkelmann R.K. Similarities in cutaneous nerve end-organs.in: Montagna W. Goldsmith LA. Advances in Biology of Skin. Vol. 1. Pergamon Press, Oxford/London/New York/Paris1960: 48-62Google Scholar;Bourlond, 1968Bourlond A. L'Innervation Cutanée. Masson, Paris1968Google Scholar). Most nerve fibers end freely in a penicillate fashion either within the upper dermis or the epidermis (Cauna, 1973Cauna N. The free penicillate nerve endings of the human hairy skin.J Anat. 1973; 115: 277-288PubMed Google Scholar;Arthur and Shelley, 1959Arthur R.P. Shelley W.B. The innervation of human epidermis.J Invest Dermatol. 1959; 32: 397-411Crossref PubMed Scopus (73) Google Scholar;Lauria, 1999Lauria G. Innervation of the human epidermis: A historical overview.Ital J Neurol Sci. 1999; 20: 63-70Crossref PubMed Scopus (29) Google Scholar). Some join up with specialized structures including corpuscular end organs such as Meissner's corpuscle or the Krause's endbulbs (Winkelmann, 1960Winkelmann R.K. Similarities in cutaneous nerve end-organs.in: Montagna W. Goldsmith LA. Advances in Biology of Skin. Vol. 1. Pergamon Press, Oxford/London/New York/Paris1960: 48-62Google Scholar;Bourlond, 1968Bourlond A. L'Innervation Cutanée. Masson, Paris1968Google Scholar). The nerve end organ is present in all vertebrates that have a sensory peripheral nerve apparatus and is the first ordered structure, which appears in the dermis during embryogenesis (Winkelmann, 1960Winkelmann R.K. Similarities in cutaneous nerve end-organs.in: Montagna W. Goldsmith LA. Advances in Biology of Skin. Vol. 1. Pergamon Press, Oxford/London/New York/Paris1960: 48-62Google Scholar). Surprisingly little is known about the three-dimensional topography of the cutaneous nerve plexus. Studies performed in the middle of the past century used histochemical techniques to visualize nerves in tissue section. Although invaluable for our initial understanding of the anatomy of peripheral nerves, these studies, which were presented either as hand drawings of the microscopic images or as low-resolution photographs, could not envision the true complexity of the nerve end organ in association with other structures of the skin (Weddell, 1945Weddell G. The anatomy of cutaneous sensibility.Br Med Bull. 1945; 3: 167-172PubMed Google Scholar;Arthur and Shelley, 1959Arthur R.P. Shelley W.B. The innervation of human epidermis.J Invest Dermatol. 1959; 32: 397-411Crossref PubMed Scopus (73) Google Scholar;Winkelmann, 1960Winkelmann R.K. Similarities in cutaneous nerve end-organs.in: Montagna W. Goldsmith LA. Advances in Biology of Skin. Vol. 1. Pergamon Press, Oxford/London/New York/Paris1960: 48-62Google Scholar;Bourlond, 1968Bourlond A. L'Innervation Cutanée. Masson, Paris1968Google Scholar). Later studies used electron microscopy, which considerably increased our knowledge of the sensory end organ at the ultrastructural level, but the inherent high resolution of this method did not yield information on the three-dimensional organization of dermal nerves (Cauna, 1973Cauna N. The free penicillate nerve endings of the human hairy skin.J Anat. 1973; 115: 277-288PubMed Google Scholar;Orfanos and Mahrle, 1973Orfanos C.E. Mahrle G. Ultrastucture and cytochemistry of human cutaneous nerves.J Invest Dermatol. 1973; 61: 108-120Crossref PubMed Scopus (38) Google Scholar;Breathnach, 1977Breathnach A.S. Electron microscopy of cutaneous nerves and receptors.J Invest Dermatol. 1977; 69: 8-26Crossref PubMed Scopus (44) Google Scholar). Recent immunohistochemical approaches, in particular when combined with laser scanning microscopy, have provided a powerful new tool for studying cutaneous nerves (Wang et al., 1990Wang L. Hilliges M. Jernberg T. Wieberg-Edstrom D. Johansson O. Protein gene product 9.5-immunoreactive nerve fibers and cell in human skin.Cell Tissue Res. 1990; 261: 25-33Crossref PubMed Scopus (209) Google Scholar;McCarthy et al., 1995McCarthy B.G. Hsieh S.T. Stocks A. et al.Cutaneous innervation in sensory neuropathies, Evaluation by skin biopsy.Neurology. 1995; 45: 1848-1855Crossref PubMed Scopus (374) Google Scholar;Kennedy et al., 1996Kennedy W.R. Wendelschafer-Crabb G. Johnson T. Quantitation of epidermal nerves in diabetic neuropathy.Neurology. 1996; 47: 1042-1048Crossref PubMed Scopus (356) Google Scholar;Johansson et al., 1999Johansson O. Wang L. Hilliges M. Liang Y. Intraepidermal nerves in human skin: PgP9.5 immunohistochemistry with special reference to the nerve density in skin from different body regions.J Peripher Nerv Syst. 1999; 4: 43-52PubMed Google Scholar;Kennedy et al., 1999Kennedy W.R. Nolano M. Wendelschafer-Crabb G. Johnson T.L. Tamura E. The skin blister method to study epidermal nerves in peripheral nerve disease.Muscle Nerve. 1999; 22: 360-371Crossref PubMed Scopus (87) Google Scholar). Nevertheless, most of these studies have focused on the analysis of tissue sections, which is not practical for analyzing the innervation of large skin areas and thus overlooks the complexity of the nerve end organ. In this study we introduce simple measures for the topographic examination of the cutaneous nerve system. We make use of dermal sheet preparations, in which nerve structures are readily accessible for immunostaining and subsequent analysis by light and fluorescence microscopy. We were able to reconstruct the intact nerve end organ in situ in three dimensions and to follow individual terminal nerve fibers for several millimeters. We find that the terminal nerve plexus is accompanied by single Schwann cells in a regular pattern and that it is organized in a highly complex spatial manner with other compartments in the skin. This novel approach will be useful in the characterization of the nerve end organ under physiologic conditions and may provide new insights into potential alterations during diseases of the skin. Monoclonal antibodies against PgP9.5 (Daalsgard et al., 1989Daalsgard C.J. Rydh M. Haegerstrand A. Cutaneous innervation in man visualized with protein gene product 9.5 (PGP9.5) antibodies.Histochemistry. 1989; 92: 385-390Crossref PubMed Scopus (207) Google Scholar;McCarthy et al., 1995McCarthy B.G. Hsieh S.T. Stocks A. et al.Cutaneous innervation in sensory neuropathies, Evaluation by skin biopsy.Neurology. 1995; 45: 1848-1855Crossref PubMed Scopus (374) Google Scholar;Lauria, 1999Lauria G. Innervation of the human epidermis: A historical overview.Ital J Neurol Sci. 1999; 20: 63-70Crossref PubMed Scopus (29) Google Scholar) and NCAM/CD56 (Le Forestier et al., 1993Le Forestier N. Lescs M.C. Gherardi R.K. Anti-NKH-1 antibody specifically stains unmyelinated fibres and non-myelinating Schwann cell columns in humans.Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol. 1993; 19: 500-506Crossref PubMed Scopus (11) Google Scholar) have been widely used for the analysis of nerve fibers in tissue sections, which, however, only provided a small window into the complex architecture of the nerve network in the skin. To circumvent this problem, these antibodies were reacted to dermal sheets, which were prepared as detailed in Figure 1. This resulted in the distinct staining of a regular network of fibers throughout the entire superficial dermis, which was further accessible for analysis by conventional light microscopy Figure 2. The thickness of the terminal fibers stained for NCAM/CD56 Figure 2a ranged between an estimated 1 to 3 μm as calculated with a stage micrometer and continuously decreased toward the nerve endings. Virtually none of these endings appeared to be associated with a defined cellular structure, but ended freely. The nerve network could be analyzed throughout the entire surface of a dermal sheet, that is, areas up to several square centimeters. Individual fibers merged into nerve bundles which entered the deeper dermis and could be observed to a depth of more than 100 μm. Consistent with what we had observed in tissue sections, staining for PgP9.5 was not as strong as for NCAM/CD56. Skin appendages situated below the upper reticular dermis including hair follicles and sweat glands were not present in the dermal sheet preparations because they were below the range of the dermatome. Follicle shafts and sweat ducts were torn out of the dermal sheet during the separation procedure. We did not observe obvious differences in the immunostaining results between dermal sheets derived from autopsy skin samples up to 4 d postmortem and freshly collected skin samples. To investigate potential regional differences, dermal sheets were prepared from skin samples derived from thighs, lower leg, back of the foot, lower arm, breast, chest, and back. These tissues essentially showed a similar structural pattern of the dermal nerve plexus (data not shown). From these results we concluded that dermal sheet preparations represent an excellent tool to study the topography of the cutaneous nerve end organs.Figure 2Depiction of the superficial cutaneous nerve network in dermal sheet preparations by immunostaining. Dermal sheets were immunostained for NCAM/CD56 (A, B) or PgP9.5 (C) as specified in experimental procedures and analyzed by light or fluorescence microscopy. Arrows in A mark some of the protrusions that were found regularly in the course of the terminal nerve endings. For B, cell nuclei (arrowheads) in sheets immunostained for NCAM/CD56 were counterstained with hematoxylin. These dermal sheet preparations were derived from thigh (A, B) and breast skin (C).View Large Image Figure ViewerDownload (PPT) Along the course of nerve fibers, preferentially at junctions, we observed NCAM/CD56+ protrusions with diameters ranging from 5 to 15 μm (Figure 2a, arrows). Hematoxylin staining of dermal sheets demonstrated that each of these protrusions contained a nucleus and, thus, represented cellular elements. These cells were tightly attached to the nerve fibers (Figure 2b, arrowheads) and appeared to ensheath terminal nerve endings. To get an impression as to the number of Schwann cells per square millimeter of skin, we counted individual nuclei of NCAM/CD56+ stained cells associated with nerve fibers in some samples. In two samples derived from chest skin 323±8.3 and 287±38.1 (mean±SD) Schwann cells per square millimeter of skin were found. In one sample of each breast skin, thigh skin, and abdominal skin, 246±12.6, 147±22, and 186±4.8 cells were found, respectively. To further characterize the NCAM/CD56+ cells, immunoelectron microscopy of dermal sheets was performed. NCAM/CD56 immunoreactivity was detected on both the outer membrane and the invaginations of cells with ultrastructural features of Schwann cells. Embedded within the cytoplasm of Schwann cells, one or several axons of unmyelinated nerve fibers were visible Figure 3. These results demonstrate the arrangement and distribution as well as the high frequency of terminal Schwann cells within the superficial dermis and suggest an important role for these cells in the biology of terminal nerve endings. Having established the topography of the dermal nerve network by light microscopy, we subjected immunostained dermal sheets to confocal laser scanning microscopy to reconstruct the network in its three dimensions. A total of 84 planes per sheet with a thickness of 600 nm each was acquired, and the three-dimensional reconstruction of such a data set is shown as a shadow projection in Figure 4a, b and c and as maximum intensity projection in Figure 4d. To visualize the dermal capillary plexus, sheets were double stained with anti-vWF (Figure 4b, c, d, e and f, red;Bukh et al., 1986Bukh A. Ingerslev J. Stenbjerg S. Moller N.P.H. The multimeric structure of plasma F VIII. Rag studied by electroelution and immunoperoxidase detection.Thromb Res. 1986; 43: 579-584Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (39) Google Scholar). Larger trunks of the nerve end organ were found to intertwine with the superficial capillary plexus, whereas no obvious topographic relation existed between the terminal nerve endings and blood vessels. No direct contact between nerve endings and endothelial cells were observed in this study. Nevertheless, this might be due to the fact that anti-vWF staining decorates cytoplasmic Weibel Palade bodies and not the endothelial cell membrane. Further studies analyzing the topologic relationship of nerve endings with the subepidermal capillary plexus in the skin are currently ongoing. Nearly all penicillate nerve endings spread out within 25 μm below the dermoepidermal junction, as shown by restricting the analysis to the 40 superficial planes obtained by laser scanning microscopy Figure 4e. Below this level, preferentially larger nerve trunks were present Figure 4f. Thus, our illustration of the nerve end organ in three dimensions ascertains its highly complex arrangement and its association with other dermal components. In this study, we introduce a novel approach for the analysis of the nerve end organ of human skin in situ. Our method is based on the separation of the dermis from the overlying epidermis at the basement membrane (Juhlin and Shelley, 1977Juhlin L. Shelley W.B. New staining techniques for the Langerhans cell.Acta Derm Venereol. 1977; 57: 289-296PubMed Google Scholar;Kitano and Okada, 1983Kitano Y. Okada N. Separation of the epidermal sheet by dispase.Br J Dermatol. 1983; 108: 555-560Crossref PubMed Scopus (149) Google Scholar), which makes superficial dermal structures directly accessible for immunostaining procedures and subsequent microscopic examination. Using confocal laser microscopy and computer-assisted three-dimensional reconstruction, our study extends previous attempts to illustrate the spatial architecture of dermal nerves (Winkelmann et al., 1967Winkelmann R.K. Wolff K. Pierce J. Removal of epidermis with sodium bromide for cholinesterase staining of dermal nerves.Stain Technol. 1967; 42: 214-215PubMed Google Scholar;Kennedy et al., 1994Kennedy W.R. Wendelschafer-Crabb G. Brelic T.C. Innervation and vasculature of human sweat glands: An immunohistochemistry-laser scanning confocal fluorescence microscopy study.J Neurosci. 1994; 14: 6825-6833PubMed Google Scholar;Guinard et al., 1998Guinard D. Usson Y. Guillermet C. Saxod R. Merkel complexes of human digital skin: Three-dimensional imaging with confocal laser microscopy and double immunofluorescence.J Comp Neurol. 1998; 398: 98-104Crossref PubMed Scopus (26) Google Scholar;Griffin et al., 2001Griffin J.W. McArthur J.C. Polydefkis M. Assessment of cutaneous innervation by skin biopsies.Curr Opin Neurol. 2001; 14: 655-659Crossref PubMed Scopus (57) Google Scholar) and visualizes the spatial relationship of the nerve end organ to other dermal structures such as the blood capillary system. The importance of the cutaneous nerve system is best exemplified under conditions where functional changes lead to alterations of skin homeostasis. For example, in peripheral neuropathy, a reduced number of nerve endings is among the earliest events (McCarthy et al., 1995McCarthy B.G. Hsieh S.T. Stocks A. et al.Cutaneous innervation in sensory neuropathies, Evaluation by skin biopsy.Neurology. 1995; 45: 1848-1855Crossref PubMed Scopus (374) Google Scholar;Kennedy et al., 1996Kennedy W.R. Wendelschafer-Crabb G. Johnson T. Quantitation of epidermal nerves in diabetic neuropathy.Neurology. 1996; 47: 1042-1048Crossref PubMed Scopus (356) Google Scholar;Kennedy et al., 1999Kennedy W.R. Nolano M. Wendelschafer-Crabb G. Johnson T.L. Tamura E. The skin blister method to study epidermal nerves in peripheral nerve disease.Muscle Nerve. 1999; 22: 360-371Crossref PubMed Scopus (87) Google Scholar); in leprosy, nerves are a target of Mycobacterium leprae infection (Haimanot and Melaku, 2000Haimanot R.T. Melaku Z. Leprosy.Curr Opin Neurol. 2000; 13: 317-322Crossref PubMed Scopus (19) Google Scholar); and in certain allergic diseases, such as atopic dermatitis, nerves may play a pathogenic role in the exacerbation and/or maintenance of disease (Winkelmann, 1960Winkelmann R.K. Similarities in cutaneous nerve end-organs.in: Montagna W. Goldsmith LA. Advances in Biology of Skin. Vol. 1. Pergamon Press, Oxford/London/New York/Paris1960: 48-62Google Scholar). Several of these conditions are very common and lead to enormous morbidity of affected patients, thus urging for the inclusion of the nerve plexus in pathogenic and therapeutic considerations. Although a key role of the nerve end organ in disease has been well realized, the study of its changes has been hampered by the fact that imaging of nerves is inherently difficult. Early efforts by manual illustrations of the nerve plexus from histologic sections gave some insight into its anatomy, but were not feasible for the performance of large-scale systematic disease studies. More recently, the availability of immunoreagents and laser scanning microscopy has made the selective visualization of nerves within the complex dermal microenvironment possible (McCarthy et al., 1995McCarthy B.G. Hsieh S.T. Stocks A. et al.Cutaneous innervation in sensory neuropathies, Evaluation by skin biopsy.Neurology. 1995; 45: 1848-1855Crossref PubMed Scopus (374) Google Scholar;Kennedy et al., 1996Kennedy W.R. Wendelschafer-Crabb G. Johnson T. Quantitation of epidermal nerves in diabetic neuropathy.Neurology. 1996; 47: 1042-1048Crossref PubMed Scopus (356) Google Scholar;Kennedy et al., 1999Kennedy W.R. Nolano M. Wendelschafer-Crabb G. Johnson T.L. Tamura E. The skin blister method to study epidermal nerves in peripheral nerve disease.Muscle Nerve. 1999; 22: 360-371Crossref PubMed Scopus (87) Google Scholar). Nevertheless, to date, most studies have focused on tissue sections, which fail to grasp the complexity of the nerve plexus. Confocal laser microscopy facilitates the visualization of structures within tissues to a depth of at least 100 μm, which, at a vertical diameter of 50 to 100 μm, includes the entire superficial dermis. Importantly, the architecture of all compartments within the dermis is preserved in dermal sheets. Consequently, the relationship of the nerve end organ with adjacent structures can be studied in detail over large tissue areas. We have used NCAM/CD56 in combination with vWF, which is expressed by blood vessel endothelial cells, to examine the anatomical topography of these compartments. Interestingly, large nerve bundles were found in a close spatial association with the vascular plexus, with small nerve fibers left to end freely in the dermis. With the present methodology more in depth questions such as the relationship of the nerve and vascular plexus during healing of skin wounds or during inflammatory skin diseases can be addressed. Three-dimensional reconstruction of images obtained by this method have demonstrated that the termination of the cutaneous nerves into penicillate nerve endings is confined to an area of 25 μm immediately below the dermoepidermal junction. In deeper layers mainly larger nerve bundles were detectable. Investigations of epidermal sheets, which corresponded to the respective dermal sheet preparations, revealed only a sparse number of nerve endings, irrespective of the separation technique used (data not shown). This finding was surprising, however; because the presence of epidermal nerve endings has been well documented (Arthur and Shelley, 1959Arthur R.P. Shelley W.B. The innervation of human epidermis.J Invest Dermatol. 1959; 32: 397-411Crossref PubMed Scopus (73) Google Scholar;Hilliges et al., 1995Hilliges M. Wang L. Johansson O. Ultrastructural evidence for nerve fibers within all vital layers of the human epidermis.J Invest Dermatol. 1995; 104: 134-137Crossref PubMed Scopus (155) Google Scholar;Kennedy et al., 1996Kennedy W.R. Wendelschafer-Crabb G. Johnson T. Quantitation of epidermal nerves in diabetic neuropathy.Neurology. 1996; 47: 1042-1048Crossref PubMed Scopus (356) Google Scholar;Johansson et al., 1999Johansson O. Wang L. Hilliges M. Liang Y. Intraepidermal nerves in human skin: PgP9.5 immunohistochemistry with special reference to the nerve density in skin from different body regions.J Peripher Nerv Syst. 1999; 4: 43-52PubMed Google Scholar;Kennedy et al., 1999Kennedy W.R. Nolano M. Wendelschafer-Crabb G. Johnson T.L. Tamura E. The skin blister method to study epidermal nerves in peripheral nerve disease.Muscle Nerve. 1999; 22: 360-371Crossref PubMed Scopus (87) Google Scholar;Lauria, 1999Lauria G. Innervation of the human epidermis: A historical overview.Ital J Neurol Sci. 1999; 20: 63-70Crossref PubMed Scopus (29) Google Scholar), we assume that in the course of the separation techniques used, epidermal nerve fibers might get lost or damaged and are no longer detectable. We are currently trying to adapt our separation technique to extend the analyses to epidermal sheets. In addition to a three-dimensional view of the cutaneous nerve plexus, we could demonstrate that terminal nerve endings are regularly enveloped by single NCAM/CD56+ Schwann cells. Schwann cells in the skin have been described in earlier electron microscopic studies (Cauna, 1973Cauna N. The free penicillate nerve endings of the human hairy skin.J Anat. 1973; 115: 277-288PubMed Google Scholar;Orfanos and Mahrle, 1973Orfanos C.E. Mahrle G. Ultrastucture and cytochemistry of human cutaneous nerves.J Invest Dermatol. 1973; 61: 108-120Crossref PubMed Scopus (38) Google Scholar;Breathnach, 1977Breathnach A.S. Electron microscopy of cutaneous nerves and receptors.J Invest Dermatol. 1977; 69: 8-26Crossref PubMed Scopus (44) Google Scholar). Nevertheless, their abundance and spatial distribution had previously, to the best of our knowledge, not been analyzed. The finding that terminal Schwann cells are numerous and regularly located at the dermoepidermal junction raises several intriguing questions. Could it be that they play a role in the pathogenesis of skin diseases? Are terminal Schwann cells, for example, the first targets of mycobacteria and herpes viruses? What is their role in peripheral neuropathies—is the number and/or distribution of these cells disturbed in the course of these diseases? These questions cannot be answered by the use of conventional techniques that are based on sectioning of tissues. Thus, we propose that our approach will provide some of this much-needed information and might also contribute to novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Split thickness skin was obtained from different body locations at autopsy (back of foot, n=5; thigh, n=5; back, n=5; chest, n=2), from skin samples derived from mammary (n=2) and abdominal reduction surgery (n=2), and from areas of clinically normal skin adjacent to skin tumors (n=3). All experimental procedures were performed according to the World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Regional Committee for Medical Research Ethics. The separation protocol for dermal and epidermal sheets is based on previously described procedures (Juhlin and Shelley, 1977Juhlin L. Shelley W.B. New staining techniques for the Langerhans cell.Acta Derm Venereol. 1977; 57: 289-296PubMed Google Scholar;Kitano and Okada, 1983Kitano Y. Okada N. Separation of the epidermal sheet by dispase.Br J Dermatol. 1983; 108: 555-560Crossref PubMed Scopus (149) Google Scholar). Briefly, split thickness skin was floated on either 2.4 U per mL Dispase (Roche, Vienna, Austria) in PBS, pH 7.4, or on a 3.8% ammonium thiocyanate solution in PBS, pH 7.4 Figure 1. After 30 min at 37°C, the epidermis was removed from the underlying dermis with watch-maker's forceps and washed in PBS. The size of dermal sheets ranged between 20 and 300 mm2. For immunostaining purposes, sheets were fixed in acetone at 4°C for 20 min or in 4% paraformaldehyde at 4°C for 2 h. For immunoelectron microscopy, dermal sheets were incubated with the first antibody, that is, anti-neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM)/CD56 before fixation with paraformaldehyde (see below). After fixation, dermal and epidermal sheets were soaked for several minutes in Tris-buffered saline (pH 7.5). Sheets fixed with paraformaldehyde were additionally treated with 0.5% Triton X-100 in Tris-buffered saline for 45 min. Subsequently, sheets were incubated in blocking buffer consisting of 2% bovine serum albumin and 10% normal serum (species of the second step immunoreagent) in Tris-buffered saline at room temperature for 30 min. Sheets were then incubated overnight at 4°C with the primary antibodies, that is, anti-PgP9.5 (Mouse IgG2b; Serotec, Oxford, UK), anti-NCAM/CD56 (mouse IgG1; Becton Dickinson, San Jose, CA) or anti-von Willebrand factor (vWF, rabbit serum; Dako, Glostrup, Denmark) diluted in blocking buffer in the respective dilutions. Sheets were soaked in the appropriate biotinylated second step reagents, that is, biotinylated sheep anti-mouse Ig (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech, Buckinghamshire, UK) or biotinylated goat anti-mouse Ig; (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech) at room temperature for 1 h (37°C) followed by incubation with the SteptABC complex (Dako) and immunohistochemistry was performed as previously described (Weninger et al., 1999Weninger W. Partanen T.A. Breiteneder-Geleff S. et al.Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-3 and podoplanin suggests a lymphatic endothelial cell origin of Kaposi's sarcoma tumor cells.Lab Invest. 1999; 79: 243-251PubMed Google Scholar). For immunofluorescence, the second step reagents were Alexa Fluor 488 goat anti-mouse IgG and Alexa Fluor 546 goat anti-rabbit IgG (both from Molecular Probes, Eugene, OR). After additional washings immunostained sheets were mounted in either Aquamount (BDH Laboratory Supplies, Poole, UK) or Neo-Mount (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany). Immunofluorescent sheets were analyzed on either a laser confocal microscope (LSM 510, Karl Zeiss, Jena, Germany) or a conventional immunofluorescence microscope (Olympus). Images were processed using an Octane Workstation (Silicon Graphics, Inc.) with the Huygens (Scientific Volume Imaging) Imaris and colocalization (Bitplane AG, Zurich, Switzerland) software package. This software package also contains features that enable the measurement of distances within samples analyzed. To determine the number of Schwann cells per square millimeter of skin, we performed hematoxylin counterstaining of sheet preparations previously stained immunohistochemically for NCAM/CD56. We then counted individual nuclei of NCAM/CD56+-stained cells associated with nerve fibers. Three independent visual fields have been analyzed in each dermal sheet preparation. For immune electron microscopy unfixed dermal sheet preparations were incubated with mouse anti-NCAM antibody for 2 h at 20°C in tissue culture medium. After extensive washing in PBS, the sheets were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde in 0.1 M phosphate buffer. Further processing proceeded as previously described (Vass et al., 1986Vass K. Lassmann H. Wekerle H. Wisniewski H.M. The distribution of Ia antigen in the lesions of rat acute experimental allergic encephalomyelitis.Acta Neuropathol (Berlin). 1986; 70: 149-160Crossref PubMed Scopus (191) Google Scholar). Briefly, bound antibody was detected by a biotin/avidin technique, using species-specific biotinylated anti-mouse immunoglobulin (Amersham, UK) and peroxidase-labeled avidin (Sigma, St. Louis, MO). Peroxidase reaction was developed with 3,3′-diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride (Sigma). The material was then routinely fixed in osmic acid and embedded in epoxy resin. For control material was processed in the absence of the primary antibody or by using an irrelevant monoclonal antibody of the same immunoglobulin class. Thin sections were analyzed on a Jeol 100× electron microscope." @default.
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• W2006284996 date "2004-01-01" @default.
• W2006284996 modified "2023-10-18" @default.
• W2006284996 title "Sheet Preparations Expose the Dermal Nerve Plexus of Human Skin and Render the Dermal Nerve End Organ Accessible to Extensive Analysis" @default.
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• W2006284996 doi "https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0022-202x.2003.22102.x" @default.
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