FRINK Linked Data Fragments server

Matches in SemOpenAlex for { <https://semopenalex.org/work/W2007173242> ?p ?o ?g. }

• W2007173242 endingPage "550" @default.
• W2007173242 startingPage "550" @default.
• W2007173242 abstract "The temperate deciduous forest of North America is more diverse than the deciduous forest of western Europe. This difference has traditionally been explained by greater survival in North America of deciduous species during the Quaternary. More recent investigations have shown, however, that late-Tertiary forests of Europe had already become dominated by conifers, with deciduous angiosperms a minor component. During the Quaternary, coniferous species and genera were lost from the European flora, leaving a few species and genera of angiosperms as the dominant trees. Cold, dry, continental climate during the glaciations caused the extinction of conifers; deciduous trees apparently survived these climatic conditions in pockets of favorable habitat in the eastern Mediterranean region. In eastern North America, in contrast, temperate deciduous forests are quite similar to the forests that were present in the late Tertiary. During the Quaternary, relatively few extinctions occurred, although deciduous angiosperms were displaced from the Appalachian mountains, surviving in small populations in the lower Mississippi valley or on the southern coastal plain. Coniferous forests dominated by spruce grew in the Great Plains, and forests dominated by pine grew on the southern part of the Atlantic coastal plain. At the opening of the Holocene, and presumably at the beginning of all the previous interglacials, tree distributions changed dramatically as temperate species rapidly extended their ranges northward. Range boundaries have continued to change throughout the Holocene, as expansions and contractions of range have occurred as the result of climatic change. Quaternary climatic history caused dramatic changes in the forests of both areas, indicating that modern species distributions can no longer be considered relicts of Tertiary distributions. Throughout the Quaternary, species ranges have changed in response to changes in regional climate; many forest communities are of recent origin, having received their present complements of tree species within the last 5,000 years. Forest communities in Eastern North America and in Western Europe as well have been invaded repeatedly during the Holocene by forest species expanding from refuges far to the south. Temperate deciduous forest grows over a wide area of eastern North America. The forest is rich in numbers of species, especially the mixed mesophytic forest communities of the southern Appalachians. These forests were traditionally compared with forests of the Tertiary Period (Reid, 1935; Braun, 1947, 1950; Campbell, 1982), when the so-called Arcto-Tertiary geoflora was supposed to have been widespread throughout the northern hemisphere (Chaney, 1944). Reid (1935) and Chaney (1944) believed that severe climate during the Quaternary Period eliminated the Arcto-Tertiary geoflora entirely from many regions, such as western North America, while in others, such as western Europe, extinctions eliminated all but a few species and genera. The modern deciduous forests were thus seen as remnants of an originally widespread, uniform vegetation. The geoflora concept has been challenged recently by Wolfe (1978, 1979) who argued that a uniform broad-leaved forest never existed. His analysis of the paleobotanical data shows that Tertiary floras were diverse, with evergreen gymnosperms such as Sequoia dominant in some regions, and evergreen angiosperms present elsewhere. He argued that a number of major climatic changes occurred during the Tertiary, especially during the Oligocene; these changes led to local changes in abundances of various components of the Tertiary flora. Thus changes of climate caused local adaptations rather than migrations of intact plant communities from one latitude to another as Chaney hypothesized (Wolfe, 1979). Before the end of the Tertiary Period, the forests of western United States were already dominated by conifers. A similar change had also occurred in Europe, where Pliocene floras contained many genera and species of conifers (Wolfe, 1979). Sequoia was the dominant tree in some regions (Traverse, 1982). Mixed coniferous-deciduous forest in Europe during the Pliocene is a new interpretation of forest history that stands in marked contrast to the traditional view. The traditional view held that deciduous forest persisted in Europe into the early Quaternary Period, when increasing se1 This work was supported by the National Science Foundation. 2 Department of Ecology and Behavioral Biology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455. ANN. MISSOURI BOT. GARD. 70:550-563. 1983. This content downloaded from 157.55.39.181 on Thu, 29 Sep 2016 05:51:40 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 1983] DAVIS-QUATERNARY HISTORY 551 verity of climate caused extinctions of many angiosperm trees (Tralau, 1973; Campbell, 1982). In contrast, Wolfe emphasized that coniferous species and genera were the important losses from the European flora during the Quaternary. The Taxodiaceae, for example, once so important in the Black Sea region, were eliminated entirely (Traverse, 1982). The angiospermous genera that remain today represent differential survival of one component of what had been mixed coniferous-deciduous forest (Wolfe, 1979). Wolfe pointed out that Europe today has the type of climatic regime that elsewhere in the world supports mixed coniferous forest; the dominance of deciduous species in the region today is therefore anomalous. Eastern North America, in contrast, has a climatic regime typical of deciduous forest regions. Today it supports forests dominated by deciduous angiosperms, just as it did during the late Tertiary (Wolfe, 1979). The Quaternary pollen record adds a useful perspective to these differing views of the origin of the European deciduous forest and the relationship of deciduous forests in eastern North America and Europe. First, the Quaternary record shows that dramatic changes in the geographical ranges of forest species occurred during the Quaternary. We can no longer speak of Tertiary forest remaining in a region throughout the Quaternary, because many tree species were repeatedly displaced during the Quaternary from the geographical region where they now occur. For this reason, modern geographical ranges cannot be used to identify the locations of relict Tertiary forests. Second, the response of temperate forest trees to Quaternary climatic change was individualistic, supporting Wolfe's contention that Tertiaryfloras would not have migrated as units in response to climatic events. Third, the extinctions that occurred during the Quaternary, especially the differential extinctions of conifers and deciduous angiosperms document that the differential severity of Quaternary climate affectedforests differently in Europe and North America. These three factors contributed to the makeup of the modem temperate forest floras of North America and Europe. In considering how Quaternary climate changed Pliocene floras into modem floras, the two phases of Quaternary climate, glacial climates and interglacial climates, are important. The two phases appear to have had quite different effects. -Glacial phases, i.e., times when ice sheets were more extensive than at present, comprised about 90 percent of the time during the Quaternary period. During these long, cold intervals, temperate species survived in small populations that were susceptible to extinction. The severity of the climate, both in terms of average temperature, continentality, and drought; the extent of geographical displacement of plant species; the sizes of populations; and the community composition of forests in refuge areas; all had an effect on the probability of extinction for individual species. Interglacial intervals comprised a much smaller proportion (about 10 percent) of the Quaternary period. They were characterized by climates similar to those of today, which in Europe and eastern North America seem to bear a general resemblance to late-Tertiary climate. Each interglacial was short, lasting only 10,000 to 1 5,000 years, and began and ended with a sudden, major climatic change (Emiliani, 1972; Broecker & Van Donk, 1970). The interglacials, although favorable for survival and population expansion of temperate forest trees both in Europe and eastern North America, were times of vegetational instability. During interglacials the geographical distributions of temperate species shifted many hundreds of kilometers, and the composition of forest comunities changed rapidly. GEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE OF EVENTS DURING THE QUATERNARY PERIOD The exploration of the deep sea by geologists in the last twenty years has led to a new understanding of Quaternary events, revolutionizing our thinking about the time scale of glaciation. Many marine cores include sediment extending through the entire Quaternary Period. Previously, four major glaciations were recognized within the Quaternary. We now know that there were 18 or 20 glaciations during the last 2 million years, the time interval now assigned to the Quaternary. Each of these glacial cycles lasted about 100,000 years (Hays et al., 1969). Figure 1 shows oxygen-isotope paleoclimatic records for the last 800,000 years. The climatic events are well dated: the last interglacial (the earliest part of stage 5) started 125,000 years ago, lasted about 15,000 years, and ended with a sharp decline in temperature that initiated the last glaciation. Warm conditions returned, followed by a cold period, then a short warm interval. Seventy thousand years ago a long cold interval (stages 2-4) began, which culminated in the glacial maximum 18,000 to 20,000 years ago (Broecker & Van Donk, 1970). This content downloaded from 157.55.39.181 on Thu, 29 Sep 2016 05:51:40 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 552 ANNALS OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN [VOL. 70" @default.
• W2007173242 created "2016-06-24" @default.
• W2007173242 creator A5068803737 @default.
• W2007173242 date "1983-01-01" @default.
• W2007173242 modified "2023-10-11" @default.
• W2007173242 title "Quaternary History of Deciduous Forests of Eastern North America and Europe" @default.
• W2007173242 cites W13662811 @default.
• W2007173242 cites W1931838973 @default.
• W2007173242 cites W1934430962 @default.
• W2007173242 cites W1974828561 @default.
• W2007173242 cites W1976469911 @default.
• W2007173242 cites W1976906422 @default.
• W2007173242 cites W1980401510 @default.
• W2007173242 cites W1983267585 @default.
• W2007173242 cites W1986305409 @default.
• W2007173242 cites W1989409622 @default.
• W2007173242 cites W1991089654 @default.
• W2007173242 cites W2003398254 @default.
• W2007173242 cites W2009191299 @default.
• W2007173242 cites W2016549232 @default.
• W2007173242 cites W2021821948 @default.
• W2007173242 cites W2029141685 @default.
• W2007173242 cites W2051814140 @default.
• W2007173242 cites W2052593902 @default.
• W2007173242 cites W2063122795 @default.
• W2007173242 cites W2083506860 @default.
• W2007173242 cites W2137751722 @default.
• W2007173242 cites W2165685584 @default.
• W2007173242 cites W2318552448 @default.
• W2007173242 cites W2323801103 @default.
• W2007173242 cites W2330897113 @default.
• W2007173242 cites W2989964553 @default.
• W2007173242 cites W42382572 @default.
• W2007173242 cites W594834366 @default.
• W2007173242 doi "https://doi.org/10.2307/2992086" @default.
• W2007173242 hasPublicationYear "1983" @default.
• W2007173242 type Work @default.
• W2007173242 sameAs 2007173242 @default.
• W2007173242 citedByCount "318" @default.
• W2007173242 countsByYear W20071732422012 @default.
• W2007173242 countsByYear W20071732422013 @default.
• W2007173242 countsByYear W20071732422014 @default.
• W2007173242 countsByYear W20071732422015 @default.
• W2007173242 countsByYear W20071732422016 @default.
• W2007173242 countsByYear W20071732422017 @default.
• W2007173242 countsByYear W20071732422018 @default.
• W2007173242 countsByYear W20071732422019 @default.
• W2007173242 countsByYear W20071732422020 @default.
• W2007173242 countsByYear W20071732422021 @default.
• W2007173242 countsByYear W20071732422022 @default.
• W2007173242 countsByYear W20071732422023 @default.
• W2007173242 crossrefType "journal-article" @default.
• W2007173242 hasAuthorship W2007173242A5068803737 @default.
• W2007173242 hasBestOaLocation W20071732422 @default.
• W2007173242 hasConcept C127313418 @default.
• W2007173242 hasConcept C151730666 @default.
• W2007173242 hasConcept C160464908 @default.
• W2007173242 hasConcept C18903297 @default.
• W2007173242 hasConcept C205649164 @default.
• W2007173242 hasConcept C33283694 @default.
• W2007173242 hasConcept C86803240 @default.
• W2007173242 hasConceptScore W2007173242C127313418 @default.
• W2007173242 hasConceptScore W2007173242C151730666 @default.
• W2007173242 hasConceptScore W2007173242C160464908 @default.
• W2007173242 hasConceptScore W2007173242C18903297 @default.
• W2007173242 hasConceptScore W2007173242C205649164 @default.
• W2007173242 hasConceptScore W2007173242C33283694 @default.
• W2007173242 hasConceptScore W2007173242C86803240 @default.
• W2007173242 hasIssue "3" @default.
• W2007173242 hasLocation W20071732421 @default.
• W2007173242 hasLocation W20071732422 @default.
• W2007173242 hasOpenAccess W2007173242 @default.
• W2007173242 hasPrimaryLocation W20071732421 @default.
• W2007173242 hasRelatedWork W115770146 @default.
• W2007173242 hasRelatedWork W1525963165 @default.
• W2007173242 hasRelatedWork W2355891792 @default.
• W2007173242 hasRelatedWork W2374784581 @default.
• W2007173242 hasRelatedWork W2492808166 @default.
• W2007173242 hasRelatedWork W2504227489 @default.
• W2007173242 hasRelatedWork W2506413574 @default.
• W2007173242 hasRelatedWork W4230877285 @default.
• W2007173242 hasRelatedWork W560241451 @default.
• W2007173242 hasRelatedWork W570570694 @default.
• W2007173242 hasVolume "70" @default.
• W2007173242 isParatext "false" @default.
• W2007173242 isRetracted "false" @default.
• W2007173242 magId "2007173242" @default.
• W2007173242 workType "article" @default.