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• W2007278972 abstract "Article2 March 2006free access The ϕ29 DNA polymerase:protein-primer structure suggests a model for the initiation to elongation transition Satwik Kamtekar Satwik Kamtekar Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA Search for more papers by this author Andrea J Berman Andrea J Berman Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA Search for more papers by this author Jimin Wang Jimin Wang Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA Search for more papers by this author José M Lázaro José M Lázaro Centro de Biología Molecular ‘Severo Ochoa’ (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma, Canto Blanco, Madrid, Spain Search for more papers by this author Miguel de Vega Miguel de Vega Centro de Biología Molecular ‘Severo Ochoa’ (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma, Canto Blanco, Madrid, Spain Search for more papers by this author Luis Blanco Luis Blanco Centro de Biología Molecular ‘Severo Ochoa’ (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma, Canto Blanco, Madrid, Spain Search for more papers by this author Margarita Salas Margarita Salas Centro de Biología Molecular ‘Severo Ochoa’ (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma, Canto Blanco, Madrid, Spain Search for more papers by this author Thomas A Steitz Corresponding Author Thomas A Steitz Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA Search for more papers by this author Satwik Kamtekar Satwik Kamtekar Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA Search for more papers by this author Andrea J Berman Andrea J Berman Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA Search for more papers by this author Jimin Wang Jimin Wang Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA Search for more papers by this author José M Lázaro José M Lázaro Centro de Biología Molecular ‘Severo Ochoa’ (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma, Canto Blanco, Madrid, Spain Search for more papers by this author Miguel de Vega Miguel de Vega Centro de Biología Molecular ‘Severo Ochoa’ (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma, Canto Blanco, Madrid, Spain Search for more papers by this author Luis Blanco Luis Blanco Centro de Biología Molecular ‘Severo Ochoa’ (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma, Canto Blanco, Madrid, Spain Search for more papers by this author Margarita Salas Margarita Salas Centro de Biología Molecular ‘Severo Ochoa’ (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma, Canto Blanco, Madrid, Spain Search for more papers by this author Thomas A Steitz Corresponding Author Thomas A Steitz Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA Search for more papers by this author Author Information Satwik Kamtekar1,‡, Andrea J Berman1,‡, Jimin Wang1, José M Lázaro2, Miguel de Vega2, Luis Blanco2, Margarita Salas2 and Thomas A Steitz 1,3,4 1Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA 2Centro de Biología Molecular ‘Severo Ochoa’ (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma, Canto Blanco, Madrid, Spain 3Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA 4Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA ‡These authors contributed equally to this work *Corresponding author. Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, Room 418, Bass Center, 266 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, CT 06520-8114, USA. Tel.: +1 203 432 5617/5619; Fax: +1 203 432 3282; E-mail: [email protected] The EMBO Journal (2006)25:1335-1343https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.emboj.7601027 PDFDownload PDF of article text and main figures. ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinked InMendeleyWechatReddit Figures & Info The absolute requirement for primers in the initiation of DNA synthesis poses a problem for replicating the ends of linear chromosomes. The DNA polymerase of bacteriophage ϕ29 solves this problem by using a serine hydroxyl of terminal protein to prime replication. The 3.0 Å resolution structure shows one domain of terminal protein making no interactions, a second binding the polymerase and a third domain containing the priming serine occupying the same binding cleft in the polymerase as duplex DNA does during elongation. Thus, the progressively elongating DNA duplex product must displace this priming domain. Further, this heterodimer of polymerase and terminal protein cannot accommodate upstream template DNA, thereby explaining its specificity for initiating DNA synthesis only at the ends of the bacteriophage genome. We propose a model for the transition from the initiation to the elongation phases in which the priming domain of terminal protein moves out of the active site as polymerase elongates the primer strand. The model indicates that terminal protein should dissociate from polymerase after the incorporation of approximately six nucleotides. Introduction Polymerases use a variety of mechanisms to synthesize sequences at the 5′ terminus of a genome. While some RNA-dependent RNA polymerases begin synthesis through de novo initiation, this option is not available to DNA polymerases because DNA synthesis invariably requires a primer. Eukaryotes employ telomerase to overcome this problem (Greider and Blackburn, 1985; Cech, 2004). Bacteria and DNA viruses either avoid the problem with circular genomes, or follow strategies involving recombination, hairpin formation, or the use of a protein as a primer (Salas, 1991; Mosig, 1998; Chaconas and Chen, 2005). Protein primers, also known as terminal proteins since they are covalently linked to the 5′ ends of a genome, are used by a variety of polymerases during initiation of replication. These include B family DNA polymerases from adenovirus, and bacteriophages such as ϕ29, Cp-1 and PRD1, as well as polymerases involved in plasmid replication and even perhaps chromosomal replication within the genus Streptomyces (Salas, 1991; Chaconas and Chen, 2005). They also include the reverse transcriptase of Hepatitis B virus, as well as the RNA-dependent RNA polymerases of poliovirus and rhinovirus (Salas, 1991; Paul, 2002). All of these systems appear to have converged on a similar solution to the 5′ end replication problem for linear genomes: a protein side chain provides the necessary hydroxyl group for priming the initiation of DNA replication at the end of the genome. Unlike other DNA polymerases, those polymerases that use proteins as primers have distinct initiation and elongation phases. During initiation, these protein-primed DNA polymerases begin replication at genomic termini and retain contact with their cognate protein primers. These contacts are broken in the transition to the elongation mode (King et al, 1997; Méndez et al, 1997). These features of protein-primed DNA polymerases suggest a functional similarity with multi-subunit RNA polymerases; initiation of transcription occurs at promoters and is mediated by transcription factors, which are released after promoter clearance. Protein-primed DNA replication has been best studied in bacteriophage ϕ29 (reviewed in Salas, 1991, 1999; Salas et al, 1996). This bacteriophage possesses a 19.3 kb linear double-stranded DNA genome with an origin of replication at each end. Phage-encoded DNA polymerase and terminal protein form a heterodimer in the absence of DNA (Blanco et al, 1987), and replication initiates with the polymerase-catalyzed addition of dAMP to serine-232 of terminal protein (Blanco and Salas, 1984; Hermoso et al, 1985). The template for this addition is the second base from the 3′ end of the genome. Prior to further nucleotide addition, a ‘sliding back’ event occurs, resulting in the base pairing of the first dAMP with the 3′ terminal base of the genome (Méndez et al, 1992). Subsequent synthesis leads to the dissociation of terminal protein from polymerase after 6–10 nucleotides have been incorporated (Méndez et al, 1997). The crystal structure of ϕ29 DNA polymerase provided the first view of a protein-primed DNA polymerase structure, and insight into how it is able to replicate the entire genome without accessory helicases or processivity factors (Kamtekar et al, 2004). Two sequence insertions, TPR1 and TPR2 (Blasco et al, 1990; Dufour et al, 2000), found only in the polymerase domains of protein-primed DNA polymerases, formed discrete subdomains in the structure (Kamtekar et al, 2004). While TPR1 abutted the polymerase domain in a position consistent with interaction with terminal protein and DNA, TPR2 appeared to contribute to both efficient strand displacement and processivity. Homology modeling of the substrate complex showed the template strand passing through a narrow tunnel formed in part by TPR2, prior to entering the polymerase active site, providing a plausible mechanism for the efficient separation of template and nontemplate strands. The model also showed encirclement of the duplex DNA product by polymerase in a manner reminiscent of clamp proteins, accounting for the extraordinary processivity of the polymerase on DNA (Blanco et al, 1989). Consistent with this modeling, deletion of the TPR2 subdomain has recently shown that it is required for efficient strand displacement and processivity (Rodríguez et al, 2005). Here we describe the structure of ϕ29 DNA polymerase bound to terminal protein and its implications for the mechanism of initiation of replication. The conformation of the polymerase in the complex is largely unchanged from that of the apo polymerase. Terminal protein forms an extended structure containing an N-terminal domain, a domain that interacts with TPR1, and a priming domain. The priming domain appears to mimic duplex product DNA in its electrostatic profile and binding site in the polymerase. This spatial overlap of binding sites explains why the polymerase:terminal protein complex initiates exclusively at the ends of linear DNA. DNA synthesis by the heterodimer cannot begin at internal sites because the upstream 3′ template would sterically clash with terminal protein. Additionally, the priming domain must back away from the active site as duplex product is synthesized. The modeling described below suggests that it can do so for approximately 6 bases before terminal protein must dissociate from polymerase, a result that is consistent with biochemical studies (Méndez et al, 1997). Results Structure determination The structure of ϕ29 DNA polymerase bound to terminal protein was initially determined using multiple isomorphous replacement in a crystal form with a space group of I23. This crystal form contained a single copy of the polymerase:terminal protein heterodimer per asymmetric unit, and yielded data to 3.5 Å resolution. Improvement of the heavy-atom phases by solvent-flipping and cross-crystal averaging, together with B-factor sharpening of the amplitudes, provided maps into which the main chain could be positioned. The sequence register of polymerase in these maps could be established based on previous high-resolution structures of polymerase (Kamtekar et al, 2004), but the sequence for terminal protein could not be assigned at this resolution. Subsequently, similar crystallization conditions gave rise to a closely related crystal form in the space group C2 that diffracted to 3.0 Å resolution and contained six heterodimers per asymmetric unit. The unit cell dimensions of this C2 crystal form, a=304 Å, b=220 Å, c=217 Å, β=45° are related to those of the I23 crystals, where aI23=218 Å. An edge of the C2 lattice, aC2, corresponds to a diagonal on face of the I23 cell . Cross-crystal averaging with the I23 crystal form, along with noncrystallographic symmetry (NCS) averaging within the C2 crystal form was used to improve maps, and clear density could be observed for many side chains of terminal protein (Figure 1). Figure 1.Electron density for a helix of terminal protein near the active site of polymerase. On the left is a 3.5 Å resolution map contoured at 1σ using data from the I23 crystal form. It was calculated using amplitudes sharpened by a factor of 100 and experimentally phased with solvent-flattened heavy-atom phases. Side chains cannot be unambiguously assigned in this map. On the right is a composite omit map contoured at 1σ and calculated to 3 Å using data from the C2 crystal form. Side chain density is much better defined in this map. Figures 1, 2, 3A, 3B, and 4 were made using Pymol (http://www.pymol.org). Download figure Download PowerPoint The structure in the C2 crystal form was refined to an Rcryst of 20.0% and an Rfree of 22.9% (Table I). Residues 6–575 of polymerase and residues 71–119, 140–226, and 234–259 of terminal protein have been built for all six copies in the asymmetric unit. In addition, 34 residues of the N-terminal domain of terminal protein have been modeled as a poly-alanine sequence (Figure 2). All six polymerase:terminal protein heterodimers in the asymmetric unit are very similar (the RMSDs between them vary from 0.3 to 0.6 Å when calculated over all Cα atoms). The only significant differences in conformations between the crystallographically independent heterodimers in the C2 crystal form appear to be localized to residues 112–119 of terminal protein. Apart from this region of terminal protein and a few other loop regions, both positional and B-factor constraints were maintained between NCS-related regions of the polymerase:terminal protein heterodimer during refinement. Figure 2.The structure of the polymerase:terminal protein heterodimer. (A) A ribbon representation, with polymerase colored according to Kamtekar et al, 2004, and terminal protein shown with cylindrical helices. (B) A view of the complex rotated 90° from that shown in (A), with terminal protein shown as cylinders underneath a transparent surface. (C) A Cα trace of polymerase from the polymerase:terminal protein complex (in color) superimposed on the apo polymerase structure. Significant differences in conformation occur only in a loop between residues 304 and 314 (shown in magenta in the complex and in black in the apo polymerase structure). The polymerase active site is marked by the space-filling representations of the carboxylates that coordinate the catalytic metal ions. (D) Terminal protein in the same orientation as in (B). Download figure Download PowerPoint Table 1. Crystallographic statistics Space group C2 I23a Unit cell dimensions (Å) 304 × 220 × 217, β=134.6° 218 × 218 × 218 Resolution (Å) 50.0–3.0 (3.1–3.0) 50–3.45 (3.57–3.45) Rmerge b (%) 8.5 7.2 I/σc 12.9 (1.2) 21.5 (1.2) Completeness (%) 99.9 (100.0) 99.6 (100.0) Unique reflections 202, 295 22, 628 Redundancy 3.8 6.2 Copies in AU 6 1 Phasing power (acentric)d Mercury acetate — 1.1 (20.0–4.0 Å) Ethyl mercury phosphate — 1.2 (20.0–4.0 Å) Trimethyl lead acetate — 1.4 (20.0–4.0 Å) Platinum tetrachloride — 2.0 (20.0–4.3 Å) Gold cyanide — 1.6 (20.0–4.0 Å) Figure of merit Heavy atoms combined — 0.63 (20.0–4.0 Å) Solvent flattened — 0.64 (20.0–3.45 Å) RMSD bond length (Å) 0.007 — RMSD bond angle 1.00° — Rcryst e (%) 20.0 — Rfree e (%) 22.9 — PDB ID 2EX3 2EX3 aElectron density maps using data from this space group were used to construct preliminary models as described in the text. bRmerge is ∑j∣Ij−〈I〉∣, where Ij is the intensity of an individual reflection and 〈I〉 is the mean intensity for multiply recorded reflections. cI/σ is the mean of intensity divided by the standard deviation. dThe phasing power is the RMS isomorphous difference divided by the lack of closure. eRcryst is ∑∣∣Fo∣−∣Fc∣∣/∑∣Fo∣, where Fo is the observed amplitude and Fc the calculated amplitude; Rfree is the same statistic calculated over a subset of the data (10%) that has not been used for refinement. The structure of the polymerase:terminal protein heterodimer The structure of ϕ29 DNA polymerase, as previously described, has the architecture of a canonical B-family DNA polymerase with two additional subdomains unique to protein-primed polymerases (Kamtekar et al, 2004). It contains an N-terminal exonuclease domain, which is responsible for proofreading (residues 1–189), and a C-terminal polymerase domain (residues 190–575). By analogy to a right hand, polymerase domains are conventionally divided into palm, finger, and thumb subdomains, which are involved in binding the catalytic metal ions, the incoming dNTP, and the duplex product DNA, respectively (Steitz et al, 1994). The two subdomains that are unique to protein-primed polymerases, TPR1 and TPR2, are insertions in the palm subdomain involved in interaction with terminal protein (Dufour et al, 2000, 2003), and in processivity and strand displacement (Kamtekar et al, 2004; Rodríguez et al, 2005). Our current structure shows that the conformation of polymerase during initiation is very similar to that of the apo polymerase. Thus, apart from residues 304–314 in TPR1, only minor changes are apparent when the structures of the apo polymerase and the polymerase in the polymerase:terminal protein complex are superimposed (Figure 2C). In the apo polymerase structures, these residues of TPR1 form loops with varied conformations and high B-factors, indicating a substantial degree of flexibility. In the current structure, this loop has moved to allow terminal protein access to the active site of polymerase. The RMSD between all Cα atoms excluding residues 304–314 in the two structures is 1.0 Å. In this complex with polymerase, the terminal protein forms an elongated three-domain structure (Figure 2D). The N-terminal domain (residues 1–73) contains disordered sequence as well as regions with high temperature factors, perhaps because it has few stabilizing contacts within the crystal lattice and is not interacting with the polymerase. Two helices within this domain have been built as poly-alanine. The intermediate domain (residues 74–172) contains two long α-helices and a short β–turn-β structure. It is connected through a hinge region to the C-terminal priming domain (residues 173–266), which is comprised of a four-helix bundle. This four-helix bundle has a left turning up-down–up-down topology (Kamtekar and Hecht, 1995), with the third helix (residues 214–223) forming an unusually large angle with respect to the axis of the four-helix bundle. Serine-232, which provides the priming hydroxyl group for DNA synthesis, lies in a loop at the end of the priming domain closest to the active site of the DNA polymerase. The loop containing the priming serine (residues 227–233) is disordered in our structure, presumably because of the absence of a template and incoming deoxynucleoside triphosphate. The disorder of the loop was confirmed by diffusing mercury chloride into crystals containing terminal protein with a S232C mutation. While mercury bound to the exposed cysteines in the polymerase yielded peaks with high density in difference maps, none were near cysteine-232. Since residue 232 of terminal protein appears to be solvent accessible, the absence of a peak near to this residue can be explained by its being disordered. A comparison of the structure of terminal protein with those in the structural database using the program DALI (Holm and Sander, 1993) yielded only one match with a Z-score above 4. This alignment superimposes a four-helix bundle domain from Cbl, a ubiquitin ligase involved in cell signalling, onto the priming domain of terminal protein with a Z-score of 4.7 (PDB code 2CBL; Meng et al, 1999). Since the four-helix bundle is an abundant motif and Cbl is functionally unrelated to terminal protein, this structural similarity appears purely coincidental. A number of transcription factors also appear to have more limited similarity to the priming domain of terminal protein. For example, the priming domain of terminal protein can be superimposed on transcription factor IIS (PDB code 1eo0; Booth et al, 2000). However, there is no evidence suggesting that the helical bundle domains in these transcription factors associate with RNA polymerase (Kettenberger et al, 2004) in ways that are analogous to the interaction between the priming domain of terminal protein and ϕ29 DNA polymerase. Both the intermediate and priming domains of terminal protein make extensive contacts with polymerase accounting for its high affinity (80 nM) for the polymerase (Lázaro et al, 1995). The intermediate domain buries 575 Å2 of surface area against the TPR1 subdomain of polymerase. Here, and elsewhere, buried surfaces are calculated per monomer. This interface has many charged residues and includes two salt bridges between arginine residues in terminal protein and glutamic acid residues in TPR1 (R158:E291; R169:E322). In contrast to the intermediate domain, the priming domain is highly electronegative and contains 15 acidic residues (Figure 3C). The structure shows interactions between many of these acidic residues and positively charged residues of polymerase (e.g., between E191:K575 or D198:K557). Consistent with studies showing an impaired binding of R96A mutant polymerase and terminal protein (Rodríguez et al, 2004), this arginine residue hydrogen bonds with Q253 and forms a stacking interaction with Y250 of terminal protein. Part of the C-terminal helix of the priming domain packs against the TPR2 subdomain of polymerase, forming hydrogen bonds between residues E252, Q253 and R256 of terminal protein and L416, G417 and E419 of polymerase. Altogether, the exonuclease domain and the palm, thumb, TPR1 and TPR2 subdomains of polymerase encircle the priming domain of terminal protein, burying over 1500 Å2 of its surface area in the process (Figure 3), which produces a total surface area of terminal protein buried upon complex formation of 2075 Å2. Figure 3.The priming domain of terminal protein binds polymerase in a fashion analogous to how primer:template DNA binds polymerase. (A) A space-filling representation of polymerase with a cylinder representation of terminal protein, both colored as in Figure 2. (B) Primer:template DNA from the ternary structure of RB69 DNA polymerase (Franklin et al, 2001) homology modeled onto the structure of ϕ29 DNA polymerase. The binding site of the priming domain overlaps that of the DNA. (C) A space-filling representation of the priming domain of terminal protein, and a ribbon representation of polymerase. The electrostatic surface of the priming domain was calculated using GRASP, with a range of −10 to +10 kT (Nicholls et al, 1991). The portion of this domain in contact with polymerase is highly negatively charged. This domain of terminal protein also effectively seals a path, occupied by primer:template in (B), leading out of the polymerase active site. (C) was generated using MOLSCRIPT (Kraulis, 1991) and rendered using POV-RAY (http://www.povray.org). Download figure Download PowerPoint The location of the priming domain of terminal protein overlaps that of the primer:template DNA bound to the enzyme in a homology-modeled elongation complex. The catalytic palm subdomain of ϕ29 DNA polymerase can be aligned with the palm of the B-family DNA polymerase from bacteriophage RB69 (Franklin et al, 2001; Kamtekar et al, 2004). As described previously, this alignment allows placement of the primer, template, and incoming nucleotide from a ternary complex of RB69 polymerase onto ϕ29 DNA polymerase (Kamtekar et al, 2004). The spatial overlap of the priming domain of terminal protein with modeled primer:template as well as its negative charge and overall dimensions suggest that it mimics DNA in its interactions with polymerase (Figure 3). Since the priming domain plays a central role in ϕ29 protein-primed replication, we searched for evidence of a similar structure in the more complex protein-primed system of the eukaryotic virus, adenovirus. Secondary structure predictions indicate that the priming serine residue in adenoviral terminal protein is also in a loop surrounded on either side by helices (de Jong and van der Vliet, 1999; McGuffin et al, 2000). However, the low level of sequence identity between the terminal proteins of ϕ29 and adenovirus make sequence alignments and structural modeling unreliable. Discussion The 3.0 Å resolution structure of the ϕ29 DNA polymerase:terminal protein heterodimer provides insights into the specificity for initiation at the template terminus, the initiation phase of protein-primed replication, DNA packaging, and the varied, but analogous, strategies used by polymerases during the initiation of oligonucleotide synthesis. The division of the terminal protein structure into three domains and its extended overall fold have implications for the transition from the initiation of replication to the elongation of the complete genome, and for the packaging and ejection of the terminal protein–DNA covalent complex (TP–DNA). Finally, the overall processes of priming site recognition and the transition from initiation to elongation by ϕ29 DNA polymerase manifests mechanistic themes previously described only in RNA polymerases. Specificity for 3′ template ends The ϕ29 DNA polymerase:terminal protein heterodimer initiates synthesis only at the 3′ end of the phage genome, which functions as an origin of replication. Two sources of this specificity have been examined previously. First, the presence of parental terminal protein, which is covalently linked to the 5′ end of the nontemplate strand by a previous cycle of replication, has been shown to increase the templating activity of a terminus, but only by 6–10-fold (Gutiérrez et al, 1986; González-Huici et al, 2000). Second, the nucleotide bases at the template 3′ terminus have been altered to test whether recognition is sequence specific. These experiments show that the only necessary sequence requirement is that the two 3′ terminal nucleotides be identical to allow for the sliding back by one nucleotide at initiation (Méndez et al, 1992). Thus, the heterodimer appears to be principally recognizing the 3′ terminus of the template strand. The structure of this complex is consistent with the observed lack of template sequence specificity. Since the polymerase must be sequence independent, only the terminal protein could be involved in sequence recognition. Template DNA modeled into the structure indicates the possibility of only a very limited contact between terminal protein and DNA. As the template in the tunnel formed by the palm, fingers, TPR2, and exonuclease regions is closely surrounded by polymerase, the nucleotides in the tunnel appear unable to contact terminal protein. Together with the biochemical data, which show that the second base of the bacteriophage genome usually acts as a template for addition of the first dAMP to terminal protein (Méndez et al, 1992), the structure thus suggests that, at most, these two terminal bases could directly interact with terminal protein in the polymerase active site under standard initiation conditions. We conclude from our structure that the polymerase:terminal protein heterodimer selectively recognizes the initiation site of replication at the end of the genome through steric exclusion of alternative sites. As terminal protein almost completely blocks the upstream tunnel leading out of the polymerase active site, the polymerase:terminal protein heterodimer cannot accommodate upstream template and can only bind near the ends of DNA (Figures 2 and 3), thus providing the absolute requirement for initiation at the ends of DNA. Similar steric mechanisms to ensure specificity for the ends of a genome have been employed by RNA viruses such as hepatitis C (Lesburg et al, 1999; Hong et al, 2001) and ϕ6 (Butcher et al, 2001). A model for the transition from initiation to elongation The transition from the initiation to the elongation phase of DNA synthesis must be accompanied by conformational changes in terminal protein, since, as the primer is elongated, the duplex product will increasingly occupy the upstream duplex tunnel; thus, it must progressively displace the priming domain of terminal protein as synthesis proceeds. We have modeled this displacement to generate a scheme for this transition. The anticipated path of the primer strand backbone product DNA through the polymerase provides a major constraint on a model for the displacement of the priming domain (Figure 4). The priming serine attached to the first nucleotide traces a spiral path away from the active site after each nucleotide is incorporated into the primer strand as replication proceeds. For example, after incorporation of five nucleotides, the priming serine will have rotated by approximately 180° and translated by 17 Å, placing the attached nucleotide in contact with the thumb subdomain. Figure 4.A model for the transition from initiation of replication to elongation. Cut-away views of the polymerase (white/wheat) are shown. (A) Modeled primer (green) and template (orange) in an elongating complex are represented as sticks. The positions of a phosphate being incorporated, as well as after two, five, and eight cycles of incorporation, are indicated as red spheres, illustrating the spiral translocation of synthesized DNA. (B) A model for the covalent addition of the first nucleotide onto S232 of terminal protein. Terminal protein is colored by domain, with a plausible path for the loop containing S232 shown in re" @default.
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• W2007278972 title "The φ29 DNA polymerase:protein-primer structure suggests a model for the initiation to elongation transition" @default.
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