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- W2007289229 abstract "It is well known that the concept of spin temperature may not be used to describe a statistical ensemble if the off-diagonal elements of the density matrix are not zero. This concept does not provide a valid description of masers, lasers, or conventional NMR or electron-spin resonance (ESR). It may be used to characterize transient behavior in a spin system prepared by sudden reversal of the magnetic field or a saturating pulse. Spin temperature, in such cases, is well defined after a time ${T}_{2}$. In nuclear-spin systems this is generally much shorter than the time ${T}_{1}$ required to reach thermal equilibrium with the lattice. The thermodynamics of irreversible processes provides an alternate and more comprehensive theoretical model for the description of spin systems. Examples are given where it may be used when the off-diagonal elements of the density matrix are not zero. The advantages and limitations of the spin-temperature formalism have been experimentally studied, primarily by means of the techniques of NMR. It is suggested that the predictions of irreversible thermodynamics be tested by observing the steady-state heat capacity of a maser at low temperature or the rate of evaporation of liquid helium in a transient experiment on a nuclear-spin system in which heat is being delivered irreversibly to the bath." @default.
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- W2007289229 date "1982-02-01" @default.
- W2007289229 modified "2023-09-25" @default.
- W2007289229 title "Necessity of spin temperature" @default.
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- W2007289229 doi "https://doi.org/10.1103/physreva.25.1092" @default.
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