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• W2008672489 abstract "Abstract With the aid of three-stage amplification, electrocardiographic records were made from chick embryos during the early stages of heart development. The youngest embryo from which records were obtained successfully was a fifteen-somite chick. At this stage, which is reached on the average with about 33 to 36 hours of incubation, the nearly straight tubular heart consists almost entirely of ventricle. The electrical record obtained from it shows none of the deflections characteristic of the adult electrocardiogram, but takes the form of a curve which first drops below, and then rises above, the isoelectric line. This configuration is consistent with the posteroanterior direction of the progress of contraction shown by superimposed tracings of successive frames from micromoving pictures of the heart action at this stage. Slightly older embryos (sixteen to seventeen somites, average incubation age 37 to 40 hours) yield a record in which there appears a sharp downward deflection, followed by a rapid return to, or above, the isoelectric line. Because of its characteristic configuration and because morphologic studies indicate that the embryonic heart at this stage is practically all ventricle, we interpret this as representing the QRS complex. In the next three or four hours of development, fusion of the cardiac primordia progresses caudally, so that the atrial region becomes definitely differentiated and the sinus venosus begins to take shape posterior to the atrium. Records from embryos in this age range show the appearance of a downward deflection coming about two twenty-fifths of a second ahead of the QRS complex. This we interpret as an inverted P-wave. During the next day of development the ventricular loop is bent backward so that it comes to be in its adult position caudal to the sinoatrial part of the heart. With this shift in relative positions the P-wave appears above the isoelectric line. Thus by the fourth day of development the electrocardiogram has assumed practically its adult configuration. It is to be emphasized that not even wandering neuroblasts reach the heart until considerably later in development than the age range covered in these experiments. Furthermore, “conduction tissue” is not at these ages histologically distinguishable from the remainder of the cardiac muscle. Thus we can trace the appearance of all the major features of the adult electrocardiographic pattern in embryonic hearts so young that they completely lack either a nerve supply or a specialized sinoventricular conduction system." @default.
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• W2008672489 date "1939-04-01" @default.
• W2008672489 modified "2023-09-27" @default.
• W2008672489 title "The development of the electrocardiogram of the embryonic heart" @default.
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• W2008672489 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0002-8703(39)90597-1" @default.
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