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• W201202476 startingPage "429" @default.
• W201202476 abstract "Congenital heart defects (CHDs) are the most commonly diagnosed birth defect and their incidence is increasing. CHDs affect 0.7% of all live births, and this may represent an underestimate as cardiac screening of neonates is not performed routinely. While some CHDs are genetic in origin, a majority have unknown etiology, and thus environmental contributions to CHDs are receiving increased scrutiny. Advances in our understanding of developmental cardiogenesis, as well as improvements in imaging moieties, have significantly improved our ability to detect and study how toxicants affect CHD risk. Goals of this review are several fold. First, we present a short overview of new approaches in CHD assessment, with an emphasis upon animal models, and how their adoption can advance our understanding of risk. Second, we detail our current knowledge regarding the effects and mechanism of several key cardiac teratogens, including retinoic acid (RA), nitrofen, ethanol, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo- p -dioxin (TCDD), trichloroethylene (TCE), and thalidomide. These were selected for the insights they offer into the diverse mechanisms by which environmental agents perturb the developing heart. These mechanisms include direct effects upon the processes of cardiac morphogenesis (RA, thalidomide), secondary structural effect due to primary impairments of cardiac function (ethanol, TCE, TCDD), and effects by mimicking endogenous cardiogenic signals (nitrofen, RA). The recent advances in developmental cardiology have made it clear that the past emphasis upon overt structural malformations, while useful, is no longer adequate for the assessment and study of teratogens. In particular, it is now essential to also consider milder functional or structural deficits that can become life threatening in older adults or in situations of extended cardiac challenge, such as intense exercise or hypertension." @default.
• W201202476 created "2016-06-24" @default.
• W201202476 creator A5042319569 @default.
• W201202476 date "2010-01-01" @default.
• W201202476 modified "2023-09-25" @default.
• W201202476 title "Environmentally Induced Heart Malformations" @default.
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