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- W2012115551 abstract "The phasing out of fully halogenated halocarbons becomes effective at the end of 1995 by international agreement. Under the same ozone depletion issue, the companion fluids HCFCs are suffering a similar fate, as they are considered controlled substances with a virtual phase-out by 2020, and more drastic reductions may be proposed in the near future. Some international action might also be agreed upon on refrigerants with regard to the threatened environmental emergency of anthropogenic global warming. Therefore, in choosing replacement fluids primary concern must be given to minimising the total warming impact, which, for most applications, calls for improved energy efficiency. During recent years, industry has scrutinised and proposed a number of new synthesised products as immediate drop-in or long-term replacements for fluids harmful to the environment. Together with some single-component new generation refrigerants, quite a few two-component, three-component or even four-component mixtures, both with zeotropic and azeotropic behaviour, are being considered. The main issues associated with the use of the new generation refrigerants are discussed, such as behaviour with oil; flammability; efficient use of temperature glides, fractionation and heat-transfer degradation with zeotropic mixtures. The full environmentally friendly option of resorting to natural fluids is also considered by examining some recent innovative applications as refrigerants of some hydrocarbons, ammonia, carbon dioxide, water and air. L'élimination progressive des halocarbures totalement halogénés est devenue effective à la fin de 1995 sur accord international. L'appauvrissement de la stratosphère en ozone, fait subir le même sort à tous les fluides de type HCFC, dont on prévoit l'élimination pratiquement complète pour 2020 et que risquent des limitations encore plus radicales. Une action relative aux frigorigènes pourrait être conclue au plan international, euégard à la menace grandissante que fait peser sur 1'environment le réchauffement de la planéte dû à l'activité humaine. Par conséquent, le souci de minimises l'impact total sur le réchauffement doit présider au choix des fluides de remplacement, ce qui, dans la plupart des applications, nécessite d'améliorer les performances énérgetiques. Au cours des derniéres années, les industriels ont étudié et proposé un certain nombre de nouveaux produits de synthése comme produits de remplacement immédiat ou à long terme des fluides nuisibles à l'environnement. Sont actuellement à l'étude, en même temps que les frigorigènes purs, d'assez nombreux mélanges à deux, trois ou quatre composants, azéotropes aussi been que non-azéotropes. Les principales questions associées à l'utilisation de nouveaux frigorigenes sont à l'étude, comme le comportement avec l'huile, l'inflammabilité, ainsi que l'utilisation efficace des glissements de température, la séparation et la dégradation du transfert de chaleur avec les mélanges zéotropes. Le recours à des fluides naturels, les plus recherchés au titre de l'environnement, est également examiné à travers les récentes innovations en matiére d'applications de frigorigènes tels que certains hydrocarbures, l'ammoniac, le dioxyde de carbone, l'eau et l'air." @default.
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- W2012115551 date "1996-11-01" @default.
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- W2012115551 title "Working fluids for mechanical refrigeration — Invited paper presented at the 19th International Congress of Refrigeration, The Hague, August 1995" @default.
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- W2012115551 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-7007(96)00008-4" @default.
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