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• W2012119673 abstract "AbstractThis article takes a look at the processes during which sports and gymnastics clubs were founded in Finland. The focus is on the period between the 1850s and the 1910s when club organisation developed into the types that remained till the end of the twentieth century. This article is based on the author's larger investigation into the early formation of Finnish sporting life, published in 1984. Therefore, the main perspectives are the previous Nordic research about popular movements in modern history, on the one hand, and the role of sports clubs in a national sporting history, commenting the latest research, on the other hand. From an actor's point of view, the central issues are class and gender strategies in the formation processes, as well as the impact of the political circumstances. The relationship between body and nation was stressed and expressed in a new way in the country under the tightening pressure by the Russian Empire in the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.Keywords:: sports clubclassgendernationFinland AcknowledgementI would like to thank Mr Vesa Tikander for translation of most part of the text.Notes 1.CitationLaine, Vapaaehtoisten Järjestöjen Kehitys. 2. See, for example, CitationStenius, Frivilligt jämlikt samfält. 3. See CitationKokkonen, Kansakunta Kilpasilla, 19, 59; (see also the English Summary, 344). This first Finnish dissertation about sport and nationalism suggests that nationalism was not introduced in the Finnish sports discourse until forming the international competitive contacts, as Olympic Games. 4. Laine, Vapaaehtoisten Järjestöjen Kehitys, 1. 5. Ibid., 2. 6. See, for example, CitationHeikkinen, For Health and Enjoyment and CitationIlmanen and Voutilainen, Jumpasta tiedekunnaksi, Chapter 1. 7.CitationHalila, Voimisteluseuran Perustamisyritys Helsingissä. 8. Laine, Vapaaehtoisten Järjestöjen Kehitys, 3, 4–7. 9. In 1867, the Russian Naval Ministry ordered a paragraph on “love of the fatherland” removed from Björneborgs Segelförening's rules, as love for Russia was not mentioned there (Laine, Vapaaehtoisten Järjestöjen Kehitys, 9).10. Laine, Vapaaehtoisten Järjestöjen Kehitys, 12–13, 15. In 1900, there were over 600 members.11. Laine, Vapaaehtoisten Järjestöjen Kehitys, 16–7. Women were often invited as honorary members of hunting societies in order to bring the new hunting act in elite kitchens. Ladies were also needed as spectators of shooting competitions.12. Laine, Vapaaehtoisten Järjestöjen Kehitys, 18–9.13. Ibid., 19–20.14. Ibid., 3–6.15. Laine, Vapaaehtoisten Järjestöjen Kehitys, 25–9. Progressive factory owners founded various kinds of clubs for edification of their workers and arranged festivals with games and competitions. A factory in Turku had a workers' club that included a gymnastics section.16. See Stenius, Frivilligt Jämlikt Samfällt and Laine, Vapaaehtoisten Järjestöjen Kehitys, 156–7.17. Ibid.18.CitationPaasivirta, Suomi ja Eurooppa.19. Laine, Vapaaehtoisten Järjestöjen Kehitys, 154.20.CitationWilskman, Idrotten I Finland I–V.21. National Library of Finland (Helsinki), the Collection of Uncataloged Small Prints: Stadgar för “Åbo Idrottsvänner,” Åbo 1893/“Turun Urheilunystäväin” säännöt (Turku 1893).22.CitationLjunggren, Kroppens Bildning, 212–215; 76–74, and CitationSandblad, Olympia och Valhalla, 174; 52–54.23. Sandblad, Olympia och Valhalla, 174; 52–54.24. Laine, “Gymnast Women as Civil Actors.”25. See, for example, CitationSjöblom, “Rowing in the English Fashion.”26. Laine, Vapaaehtoisten Järjestöjen Kehitys, 152. Compare CitationNygren, 1800-Luvulla Suomessa Perustetut Urheiluseurat, 32: together 341 clubs, and 62 of them pure gymnastics societies, 26 of them for women. (The numbers are not stable: new sources used reveal new, often short-lived clubs.)27.CitationKilpi, Suomen Ammatissa Toimiva (according to Laine, Vapaaehtoisten Järjestöjen Kehitys, 155).28.CitationLindroth, Idrottens Väg till Folkrörelse, 72–76; CitationLindroth, Idrott Mellan Krigen, 43–45, and CitationHalila, Suomen Miesvoimistelu, 118–119.29. Until 1880, the club was called “Helsingfors Turnförening,” according to the German tradition.30. Laine, Vapaaehtoisten Järjestöjen Kehitys, 116–8.31.CitationSjöblom, Hälsa, Glädje, Kamratskap, Chapter 2.32. Ibid., Chapter 2, 68–80.33.CitationWilskman, Muistelmiani Voimistelu, 47–48, and Sjöblom, Hälsa, Glädje, Kamratskap, 81.34. Laine, Vapaaehtoisten Järjestöjen Kehitys, 122.35. Nygren, 1800-Luvulla Suomessa Perustetut Urheiluseurat, 9. The founder of ‘Helsingfors Svenska Elementarläroverkets skidförening’, Alexander Hintze later worked as editor of the first sport magazine in Finland. He also founded several other sports clubs (Nygren, 1800-Luvulla Suomessa Perustetut Urheiluseurat, 7).36. Nygren, 1800-Luvulla Suomessa Perustetut Urheiluseurat, 9–30. Nygren's data are not always reliable, especially as regards the clubs' language.37.CitationSuomela, Ivar Wilskman, Suomen Urheilun Isä, 62–63.38. Lindroth, Idrottens Väg till Folkrörelse, 70–1.39.CitationMeinander, Towards a Bourgeois Manhood, 75.40. Laine, Vapaaehtoisten Järjestöjen Kehitys, Chapters II, 6 and III, 7.41. Meinander, Towards a Bourgeois Manhood, 75.42. According to Meinander, Towards a Bourgeois Manhood, 74 (CitationBonde, Den hurtige mand).43. Meinander, Towards a Bourgeois Manhood, 74.44. According to Meinander, Towards a Bourgeois Manhood, 75 (CitationGoksøyr, Idrettssliv i Borgerskapets by).45. Meinander, Towards a Bourgeois Manhood, 75–6.46. Laine, Vapaaehtoisten Järjestöjen Kehitys, 228–30.47. V- ja U-seura Jymyn säännöt (Uusi kaupunki 1905) (as note 21).48. Laine, Vapaaehtoisten Järjestöjen Kehitys, 230, 244.49. An example is from a small town Heinola, where a skating club was founded in 1882 whose first chairman was Miss Anna Pipping. In this social context, we can suppose, she was a young woman, as at least part of the other founding members must have been (Laine, Vapaaehtoisten Järjestöjen Kehitys, 94).50. Laine, Vapaaehtoisten Järjestöjen Kehitys, 134 (according the club's first rule 1883).51.CitationKleemola, Anni Collan Kisakentillään.52. Laine, Vapaaehtoisten Järjestöjen Kehitys, 194.53.CitationLaine, “Women Gymnasts as Civil Actors.”54. For example, Citation“Stockholms Kvinnliga Gymnastikförening. Historik.”55.CitationCollan,.“Voimistelusta kasvatuskeinona naisille.”56.CitationLaine and Sarje, Suomalaisen naisvoimistelun maailmat and Laine, Vapaaehtoisten Järjestöjen Kehitys, 464–70.57. See CitationLaine, “What Happened to the Early Queens of Sport?”58.CitationCollan, “Voimistelusta kasvatuskeinona naisille.”59.CitationNygren, Viktor Damm ja Hänen Ponnistajansa.60. Nygren, Viktor Damm ja Hänen Ponnistajansa, 14. The blue-and-white outfits belonged to Helsingfors Gymnastikförening. See Laine, Vapaaehtoisten Järjestöjen Kehitys, 116 and Sjöblom, Hälsa, Glädje, Kamratskap, 34.61. Nygren, Viktor Damm ja Hänen Ponnistajansa, 15–8.62.CitationDamm, Perustakaa voimisteluseuroja!63. Damm, Perustakaa voimisteluseuroja! (according to Laine, Vapaaehtoisten Järjestöjen Kehitys, 202, 205).64.CitationDamm, Työväen voimistelukirja seuroja varten and Laine, Vapaaehtoisten Järjestöjen Kehitys, 196–203.65. Damm, Perustakaa voimisteluseuroja!, according to Laine, Vapaaehtoisten Järjestöjen Kehitys, 205.66. Nygren, Viktor Damm ja Hänen Ponnistajansa, 20–2.67. Laine, Vapaaehtoisten Järjestöjen Kehitys, 200–1.68. Ibid., 204.69. Nygren, Viktor Damm ja Hänen Ponnistajansa, 23–5.70. Laine, Vapaaehtoisten Järjestöjen Kehitys, 200–7, 217–26, Chapter II, 6.71. Ibid., 205.72. Ibid., 237–45.73. Suomen Urheilulehti 1902/1, 1–4; (Helsinki: Suomen Urheilulehti OY, 1902); Laine, Vapaaehtoisten Järjestöjen Kehitys, 232.74. Ibid., 223.75. Ibid., 223, 227.76. Ibid., 245–7, 257.77. Ibid., 248–50.78. The number of subsections reached 100 in 1905 (Laine, Vapaaehtoisten Järjestöjen Kehitys, Tables 12 and 13).79. Sandblad, Olympia och Valhalla, 391, and CitationLindroth, Idrott och nationalism (according to Sandblad).80. Turun Voima-nimisen urheiluyhdistyksen säännöt (Turku 1906) (as note 21).81. Laine, Vapaaehtoisten Järjestöjen Kehitys, 336–9.82. Laine, Vapaaehtoisten Järjestöjen Kehitys, Chapter 5.4, 510–9; compare CitationItkonen, Sport and Civil Society, 36–38.83.CitationPääkkönen-Laine, Helsingin Jyry, 17.84. Ibid., 18.85. Ibid., 14–5.86. In 1917, 127 out of 637 member clubs of SVUL were affiliated to workers' associations, accounting for about 22% of the membership of the federation. Many small workers' sports clubs had not joined SVUL (CitationLang, “Numeroita SVUL:sta”).87. Viipurin Urheiluseura Toverit 1903–1923 20-vuotisjuhlajulkaisu. Viipuri: Viipurin Toverit, 1923.88. V.T.Y:n Voimistelu- ja Urheiluseura Vaasan Kiiston säännöt (Vaasa 1908) and (Vaasa 1917). See note 21.89.CitationEichberg, “Playing and Displaying the Identity.”Additional informationNotes on contributorsLeena LaineLeena Laine is a historian specialised in the history of sport. She has published (since 1976) numerous books and articles on the development of Finnish sports, worker sports and on women's sports and gymnastics." @default.
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• W2012119673 title "Sport for the Nation: Class and Gender in the Formation of Finnish Sporting Life" @default.
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