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- W2012188030 abstract "Approximately 54,400 new cases of transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) were reported in the United States in 1999, and an estimated 12,500 deaths were attributed to it. 1 Landis S.H. Murray T. Bolden S. et al. Cancer statistics, 1999. Cancer J Clin. 1999; 49: 8-31 Crossref PubMed Scopus (3135) Google Scholar , 2 Epstein J.I. Amin M.B. Reuter V.R. et al. for the Bladder Consensus Conference Committee The World Health Organization/International Society of Urological Pathology consensus classification of urothelial (transitional cell) neoplasms of the urinary bladder. Am J Surg Pathol. 1998; 22: 1435-1448 Crossref PubMed Scopus (1403) Google Scholar The prevalence of TCC comprises at least a total of 400,000 cases. At initial presentation, approximately 75% of cases are superficial, have papillary morphology, and derive from the urothelium. Additionally, 70% are Stage Ta (papillary) tumors confined to the mucosa (epithelium), Stage Tis (carcinoma in situ) and 30% are Stage T1 grade 3. 2 Epstein J.I. Amin M.B. Reuter V.R. et al. for the Bladder Consensus Conference Committee The World Health Organization/International Society of Urological Pathology consensus classification of urothelial (transitional cell) neoplasms of the urinary bladder. Am J Surg Pathol. 1998; 22: 1435-1448 Crossref PubMed Scopus (1403) Google Scholar In most patients with superficial bladder cancer, the tumor can be resected; however, despite complete tumor resection, two thirds of patients will develop tumor recurrence within 5 years. By 15 years, 88% of patients will have developed recurrence. 3 Lamm D.L. Long-term results of intravesical therapy for superficial bladder cancer. Urol Clin North Am. 1992; 19: 573-580 PubMed Google Scholar In selected cases, the risk of progression to a muscle-invasive tumor is as much as 50% to 80%. 4 Lutzeyer W. Rubben H. Dahm H. Prognostic parameters in superficial bladder cancer an analysis of 315 cases. J Urol. 1982; 127: 250-252 PubMed Google Scholar As many as 20% of patients with diffuse Tis and as many as 10% of patients with focal Tis are found to have evidence of muscle invasion or occult regional metastases, respectively, on final pathologic examination when ultimately treated with radical cystectomy. 5 Orozco R.E. Martin A.A. Murphy W.M. Carcinoma in situ of the urinary bladder clues to host involvement in human carcinogenesis. Cancer. 1994; 74: 115-122 Crossref PubMed Scopus (61) Google Scholar" @default.
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- W2012188030 title "Current and new strategies in immunotherapy for superficial bladder cancer" @default.
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- W2012188030 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.urology.2004.04.026" @default.
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