FRINK Linked Data Fragments server

Matches in SemOpenAlex for { <https://semopenalex.org/work/W2013608924> ?p ?o ?g. }

• W2013608924 endingPage "1231" @default.
• W2013608924 startingPage "1229" @default.
• W2013608924 abstract "Abstract A technique is described whereby the resistance of an emulsion to breaking can be quantitatively determined. Produced oilfield emulsions are usually the water-in-oil type and, accordingly, do not conduct an electrical current. However, theme is a threshold of A-C voltage pressure above which an emulsion will break and current will flow. The more stable an emulsion, the higher the required voltage. A Fann Emulsion Tester, modified so that low voltages (0 to 10 v) can be accurately measured, is suitable. This technique has application in evaluating the effect of a demulsifier on the stability of an emulsion. Emulsions can, in essence, be titrated with demulsifiers by adding a quantity of demulsifier, stirring, and measuring the voltage required to cause current to flow. Any synergistic effect of two or more materials added simultaneously can be followed accurately. A demulsifier that significantly lowers the threshold voltage (from 100 to 400 v to 0 to 10 v for the emulsions in this study) is effective and can cause the emulsion to break. A demulsifier that will bring about this drop in the threshold voltage at low concentration is very desirable. The technique is also well adapted for rapidly screening demulsifiers. Introduction Stable emulsions in produced reservoir fluids resulting from certain well stimulation and completion procedures are common problems. The use of suitable demulsifiers can often mitigate these difficulties. At the present time, a rapid and efficient method for selecting satisfactory demulsifiers is not available. It is badly needed. Reliance is now placed primarily on trial-and-error procedures. A new test method has been developed which permits a more rapid and precise selection of demulsifiers. It involves measuring the electrical stability potential* of an emulsion before and after a demulsifier has been added. This paper describes this method and shows where it should have application in field emulsion problems. NATURE OF OILFIELD EMULSIONS Two immiscible components must be present for an emulsion to form; we are concerned here with crude oil and water. An emulsifier must be present for an emulsion to be stable. Emulsifiers can be substances which are soluble in oil and/or water and which lower interfacial tension. They can be colloidal solids such as bentonite, carbon, graphite, or asphalt which collect at the interface and are preferentially wet by one of these phases. Unrefined crude oils can contain both types of emulsifiers. A popular theory is that, of the two phases in an emulsion, the dispersed phase will be the one contributing most to the interfacial tension. Usually this phase contains the least amount of emulsifier. The stability of a water-in-oil emulsion is affected by the following:viscosity;particle or droplet size;interfacial tension between the phases;phase-volume ratios; andthe difference in density between the phases. A stable emulsion is usually characterized by high-viscosity, small droplets, low interfacial tensions, small differences in density between its phases, and slow separation of the phases. It also has low conductivity (high electrical stability potential).Water-in-oil and oil-in-water emulsions are both common; however, oil field emulsions are predominantly water-in-oil emulsions. The emulsions which commonly occur during completion and stimulation operations contain a combination of several of the following: acids, fracturing fluids (oil, water, acid), and formation water and oil. Produced emulsions usually contain formation water and oil. Emulsions form in oil wells because oil and water are mixed together at a high rate of shear in the presence of a naturally occurring or unavoidably produced emulsifier. During the completion and stimulation of productive zones, and while formation fluids are being produced, oil and water are very often commingled. These mixtures are formed into emulsions by agitation which occurs when the fluids are pumped from the surface into the matrix of the formation or produced through the formation to the surfaced restrictions to flow (such as perforations, pumps, and chokes) increase the level of agitation; tight emulsions are more likely to form under these conditions. Often an emulsified droplet is an emulsion itself is Therefore, emulsion-breaking problems can be quite complex. The complexity can be even greater if a third phase (gas) is included. Demulsifiers operate by tending to reverse the form of the emulsion. During this process, droplets of water become bigger, viscosity is lowered, color becomes darker, separation of the phases faster and electrical stability potential approaches zero. Any of these effects could be followed as a means of determining emulsion stability. However, electrical stability potential is the most reproducible and most easily measured parameter for following the stability of a water-in-oil emulsion. EXPERIMENTAL APPARATUS A water-in-oil emulsion is a poor conductor of electrical current. JPT P. 1229ˆ" @default.
• W2013608924 created "2016-06-24" @default.
• W2013608924 creator A5049095722 @default.
• W2013608924 date "1965-10-01" @default.
• W2013608924 modified "2023-09-26" @default.
• W2013608924 title "Emulsion Control Using Electrical Stability Potential" @default.
• W2013608924 doi "https://doi.org/10.2118/1267-pa" @default.
• W2013608924 hasPublicationYear "1965" @default.
• W2013608924 type Work @default.
• W2013608924 sameAs 2013608924 @default.
• W2013608924 citedByCount "5" @default.
• W2013608924 countsByYear W20136089242016 @default.
• W2013608924 countsByYear W20136089242020 @default.
• W2013608924 countsByYear W20136089242022 @default.
• W2013608924 countsByYear W20136089242023 @default.
• W2013608924 crossrefType "journal-article" @default.
• W2013608924 hasAuthorship W2013608924A5049095722 @default.
• W2013608924 hasBestOaLocation W20136089241 @default.
• W2013608924 hasConcept C119599485 @default.
• W2013608924 hasConcept C127172972 @default.
• W2013608924 hasConcept C127413603 @default.
• W2013608924 hasConcept C148043351 @default.
• W2013608924 hasConcept C159985019 @default.
• W2013608924 hasConcept C165801399 @default.
• W2013608924 hasConcept C192562407 @default.
• W2013608924 hasConcept C21880701 @default.
• W2013608924 hasConcept C2778123984 @default.
• W2013608924 hasConcept C2779750679 @default.
• W2013608924 hasConcept C39432304 @default.
• W2013608924 hasConcept C42360764 @default.
• W2013608924 hasConcept C78762247 @default.
• W2013608924 hasConceptScore W2013608924C119599485 @default.
• W2013608924 hasConceptScore W2013608924C127172972 @default.
• W2013608924 hasConceptScore W2013608924C127413603 @default.
• W2013608924 hasConceptScore W2013608924C148043351 @default.
• W2013608924 hasConceptScore W2013608924C159985019 @default.
• W2013608924 hasConceptScore W2013608924C165801399 @default.
• W2013608924 hasConceptScore W2013608924C192562407 @default.
• W2013608924 hasConceptScore W2013608924C21880701 @default.
• W2013608924 hasConceptScore W2013608924C2778123984 @default.
• W2013608924 hasConceptScore W2013608924C2779750679 @default.
• W2013608924 hasConceptScore W2013608924C39432304 @default.
• W2013608924 hasConceptScore W2013608924C42360764 @default.
• W2013608924 hasConceptScore W2013608924C78762247 @default.
• W2013608924 hasIssue "10" @default.
• W2013608924 hasLocation W20136089241 @default.
• W2013608924 hasOpenAccess W2013608924 @default.
• W2013608924 hasPrimaryLocation W20136089241 @default.
• W2013608924 hasRelatedWork W2019968910 @default.
• W2013608924 hasRelatedWork W2188004898 @default.
• W2013608924 hasRelatedWork W2321398471 @default.
• W2013608924 hasRelatedWork W2360494388 @default.
• W2013608924 hasRelatedWork W2384040943 @default.
• W2013608924 hasRelatedWork W2387237751 @default.
• W2013608924 hasRelatedWork W2899084033 @default.
• W2013608924 hasRelatedWork W2904568458 @default.
• W2013608924 hasRelatedWork W2999589747 @default.
• W2013608924 hasRelatedWork W3169338788 @default.
• W2013608924 hasVolume "17" @default.
• W2013608924 isParatext "false" @default.
• W2013608924 isRetracted "false" @default.
• W2013608924 magId "2013608924" @default.
• W2013608924 workType "article" @default.