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- W2013644530 abstract "Desalination of seawater and waste water might represent the main important source of potable water for arid and semi arid zones and for industrialized zones, respectively. Integrated membrane processes permit to produce high quality water by means of desalination of brackish and seawater, and by cleaning and recycling of waste water. The reverse osmosis (RO) process in particular is a well established and worldwide spread technology. Salt and contaminants can be removed completely and the process might be less expensive than other separation processes. In RO driving force is represented by a difference between an applied transmembrane pressure (TMP) and the osmotic pressure difference across the membranes. Highly concentrated solutions cannot be treated as a consequence of a physical limit imposed by their osmotic pressure value. Integration of RO and membrane distillation (MD) permits to overcome this limit. MD has the advantage not to suffer strong limitations when high osmotic pressure is involved, being the driving force a vapor pressure difference between the two solution membrane interfaces due to the existing temperature gradient. In particular, MD has previously been assessed as being a technically viable process, economically feasible and competitive with other membrane processes in situations where some source of waste energy is available or where electricity is expensive. Both process performances might be limited by polarization phenomena as concentration polarization in RO and temperature polarization in MD. In this latter, only at very high concentration some effects of concentration polarization are present." @default.
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- W2013644530 date "1997-02-01" @default.
- W2013644530 modified "2023-10-14" @default.
- W2013644530 title "Polarization phenomena in integrated reverse osmosis and membrane distillation for seawater desalination and waste water treatment" @default.
- W2013644530 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0011-9164(97)00011-8" @default.
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