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• W2013720902 abstract "Les études menées sur la résilience visent à décrire et comprendre la capacité qu’ont certains individus à « rebondir » en dépit d’un (ou plusieurs) événement(s) de vie très traumatisant(s). Sur la base de deux approches (l’une centrée sur les variables, l’autre sur l’individu), les différents modèles de la résilience tentent de décrire les interactions et/ou les relations existant entre les facteurs de risque et de protection, tant au plan individuel qu’environnemental. Récemment, d’autres études ont cherché à analyser le poids des facteurs de risque génétiques dans le processus de résilience. Après présentation de ces travaux, l’article discute cette extension du concept, en s’appuyant sur l’exemple de la résilience étudiée dans les familles ayant un enfant atteint d’autisme. Resilience refers to patterns of positive adaptation in the context of significant risk or adversity. In the early 1970s, researchers began to discuss the importance of observing why some individuals did not develop psychopathological troubles in spite of being at risk. Over the past 30 years, real advances have occurred in understanding the complexity of causality and the interaction of multiple risks and protective factors in the process of resilience. Two major approaches have characterized the research in this domain: the variable-focused approach and the person-focused approach. Many variable-based models conceptualized interactions and/or correlations between individual environmental risk and protective factors. These models have been extended with recent studies investigating the link between genetic risks and resilience. From a genetic perspective, resilience could be understood as the extent to which an individual who possesses a genetic risk for psychopathology does not develop troubles. But, even if most studies have been concerned with dividing population variance into effects attributable to genes and those attributable to environment, it now seems clear that other effects exist. Examples of correlation models (rGE) underline the need to differentiate the genetic and environmental mediation of risk processes and of moderation or resistance to them. To clarify this new framework, an example of study of resilience in families having an autistic child was proposed. Data from twin studies and family studies offered strong support for the genetic contribution to autism. Studies in relatives of autistic persons extended these results by indicating a similar pattern of social and/or communication difficulties in first degree or more distant relatives of the child (the broader autism phenotype). In addition to genetic factors, growing up with an autistic sibling is expected to cause psychological and emotional difficulties in family members. Studies in siblings of autistic individuals have shown that they were at risk of psychiatric disorders as major depression and anxiety disorders in these subjects have been found to be twofold greater than in controls. However, studies investigating the psychological adjustment in siblings of autistic individuals showed no significant differences with controls. Some of these contradictions may be attributed to methodological issues, but the question remains concerning the validity of employing the term of ’resilience’ in this research domain. There is a growing acceptance of the need to study and question the various methodological hazards that could lead to false impressions of resilience. Studies in the area of resilience should follow interdisciplinary and multiple levels of analysis perspectives. Such investigations may reveal that genes may also serve as a protective function for individuals facing adversity. Resilience could help to broaden the understanding of developmental processes that may not be so evident in normative environments." @default.
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• W2013720902 title "Apport de la génétique dans les études sur la résilience : l’exemple de l’autisme" @default.
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• W2013720902 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amp.2005.09.025" @default.
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