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• W2013799745 abstract "The influence of pre-existing thrusts on the development of later normal faults was investigated using scaled laboratory analogue models. Experiments consisted of a phase of shortening followed by extension at variable angles of obliquity (a) to the shortening direction. Results suggest that the angle a has a major influence on the surface fault pattern and on the interaction between shortening-related structures and later extensional structures. Three different modes of interactions were identified depending upon the extension kinematics. (1) For orthogonal extension (a 1⁄4 08), shortening-related fold and thrust structures strongly influence the development of normal faults: graben structures nucleate within anticlines and the normal faults reactivate thrusts at depth (branching at depth mode of interaction). (2) For highly oblique extension (a 458), shortening-related structures exert no influence on normal faults as extension-related steeply-dipping faults (characterized by an oblique component of movement) displace early thrusts (no interaction mode). (3) For intermediate obliquity angles (a 1⁄4 158, 308), an intermediate mode of interaction characterizes the experiments, where the no interaction and branching at depth modes coexist in different regions of models. Modelling results can be used to infer regional extension directions as is shown for the Northern Appenines (Italy). It has been shown that in many cases pre-existing thrust systems play an important role in controlling the architecture of superimposed normal faults. Mechanical theory suggests that the probability of reactivation of pre-existing thrust faults depends on their orientation with respect to the superimposed extensional stress field (e.g., Sibson 1985). The process was investigated in previous analogue models (Krantz 1991; Faccenna et al. 1995 and references therein), suggesting that the initial dip of thrust faults has a major control on the development of successive normal faults. Both studies started with a phase of shortening that resulted in progressively steeper thrust faults prior to extension. Model results suggested that three different types of interactions between pre-existing thrusts and successive normal faults may arise (e.g., Faccenna et al. 1995): (1) No interaction occurs in case of low-dip thrusts (,328+ 18) and normal faults form independently, displacing pre-existing thrusts; (2) branching at depth of normal faults with thrusts is observed for intermediate dip angles (328+182 418+18); (3) total reactivation occurs on thrusts dipping at angles higher than 418+18. These three basic mode of interaction between normal faults and thrust systems have been recognized and described in natural systems, such as the Central Apennines (Italy) and the North Sea region (Faccenna et al. 1995). Active extensional structures interacting with early thrust systems have been also recognized in the Northern Apennines (e.g., Finetti et al. 2001). In this fold-and-thrust belt, the early compressive structures show a prominent curvature along strike and the successive normal faults display strong variations in terms of trend, arrangement and kinematics in different sectors of the chain (Fig. 1). In particular, where thrusts are orthogonal to the regional NE–SW extension direction (e.g., Mugello Basin; Fig. 1), normal faults are long and linear, display a mainly pure dip-slip kinematics and From: BUITER, S. J. H. & SCHREURS, G. (eds) 2006. Analogue and Numerical Modelling of Crustal-Scale Processes. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 253, 65–78. 0305-8719/06/$15.00 # The Geological Society of London 2006. are subparallel to the early compressive structures (Delle Donne et al. 2003). Conversely, where thrusts are slightly oblique to the extension (Garfagnana-Lunigiana area; Fig. 1), normal faults are arranged en-echelon, are characterized by an oblique-slip kinematics and display a mean peak in distribution oriented at about 108 with respect to the earlier thrusts (Piccardi et al. 1999). In case of high obliquity (e.g., Martani Mounts-Terni Basin area; Fig. 1), normal faults are linear, are characterized by an important (locally dominant) strike-slip component of movement and form at an angle of 208 to the pre-existing structures (Bonini et al. 2003). These features suggest that the different orientation of thrusts with respect to the direction of extension may have exerted an important control on the pattern of successive extensional structures. This influence is investigated in this study by means of analogue models. We present a series of experiments on polyphase deformation, consisting of orthogonal shortening followed by extension at variable angles of obliquity." @default.
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• W2013799745 title "Interaction between normal faults and pre-existing thrust systems in analogue models" @default.
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