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• W2014150071 abstract "Abstract The responsiveness of the visual cortex to a special group of four pulses, obtained by repeating 50–70 msec later a first pair of pulses separated by 7–12 msec, delivered rhythmically (every 1.5–2 sec) to the LGB of cats with chronically implanted electrodes, has been studied during wakefulness and sleep. Significant results were obtained only with this delay combination, and with LGB pulses only 20–50% above threshold for the first response during arousal. 1.1. Wakefulness, when relaxed, induced a first response of variable amplitude, and strong reduction of the subsequent three. Visual attention induced facilitation of the first and of the long-delayed third response, while the shortly delayed (second and fourth) remained strongly decreased; it is inferred that only enhancement of both facilitatory and inhibitory ascending diffuse influences can explain this picture. 2.2. The onset of sleep occured with a transitory (30–180 sec) phase of decreased responsiveness; strong reduction of all responses could be explained by the presence of sufficiently strong inhibitory influences alone, since complete RF elimination by midbrain section led only to increase of responses, consequent on a process of disinhibition. Interruption of the previously proposed central gray driving circuit for arousal has been inferred from the resemblance of this phase to the acute preparation with central gray damage. 3.3. A first phase of sleep with slow wave ECoG (SSW-II) presented a picture of balance between the first and second responses, which alternately became large. In the second phase of sleep with slow wave ECoG (SSW-II) the first, and especially the second, responses were increased, with some variability; this was viewed as partial release from inhibition (progressively increasing from SSW-I to SSW-II), according to similar patterns previously obtained with caudate, but especially with RF, lesions. During both SSW phases the radiation (first) spike was decreased in all responses; the large increase of the fourth response supported further the conclusion on disinhibition. 4.4. A transitory (15–60 sec) phase of giant potentials (first and third, without inhibition of the second) systematically appeared at the onset of deep sleep. An active process inducing deep sleep is thus evidenced. 5.5. The deep sleep (paradoxical, rapid eye movement) phase was characterized by constant and still larger first and second responses, evidence of partial disinhibition similar to that of SSW (sec 3). The increase of the radiation spike in all responses, and occasional facilitation of the whole third response, showed reappearance of facilitatory influences; it is suggested that they did not elicit arousal because it always required also strong inhibitory influences in its pattern (see 1), actually installed a little before the end of sleep. 6.6. RF (midbrain) high rate threshold stimulation elicited arousal only after having first induced the described pattern of wakefulness. Subthreshold stimulation (20–50% of the waking threshold) elicited opposite effects, depending on the sleep phase; during slow waves: inhibition of responses, especially the second; at the presumed end of slow waves: facilitation of the first and second responses, precipitating the phases of giant potentials and deep sleep. It did so during deep sleep as well, which is an argument for the active participation of the RF in eliciting facilitatory influences in this period. 7.7. The previous inference that the ECoG slow waves are arrested only by facilitatory influences (irrespective of the occurence of inhibitory ones) was also confirmed in chronic animals, since only arousal and deep sleep had facilitatory influences in their patterns; additionally, the transition from deep sleep to arousal, although obviously enhancing inhibitory influences, did not induce obvious ECoG alterations." @default.
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• W2014150071 date "1966-05-01" @default.
• W2014150071 modified "2023-09-25" @default.
• W2014150071 title "Diffuse regulation of visual thalamo-cortical responsiveness during sleep and wakefulness" @default.
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• W2014150071 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/0013-4694(66)90102-7" @default.
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