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• W2014292023 abstract "1. In a previous study of Brown Leghorn chicks it was shown that the following-response to a strange moving object was lost at an earlier age in socially-reared chicks than in isolated ones, but that the response reappeared in the former if they were subsequently isolated for several days. This could mean that the loss of the response was due to a short-term, reversible process—the drive satiation hypothesis; or it could mean that socially-reared chicks learned to respond to one another, as opposed to following other moving objects, but that this response was then generalised under conditions of isolation. Experiments, described in this paper, were designed to examine these two hypotheses. 2. The effect of previous experience on the following-response of 4–5 day-old chicks was studied. The chicks were tested singly. Those with no previous visual or physical experience of moving objects or of other chicks followed a moving object (Model B) better than those reared socially from their second day onwards. On the other hand, if chicks were allowed only four and a half hours of social contact with one another on their second day and then isolated until tested, their response to Model B was stronger than that of either of the two above groups. Restricted experience of other chicks thus potentiated the later response to a strange moving object. In chicks trained on the second day to follow one object (Model M) for 30 minutes, the response was generalised to a different object (Model B) three days later but only if kept in isolation from one another for these intervening days. 3. Chicks trained to Model M on the second day, isolated for three days and then tested with Model M and Model B simultaneously, responded well to Model M but very little to Model B. It is clear therefore, that the models could be discriminated, and that the strange model was only followed in the absence of the one on which the chicks had been imprinted. 4. Non-following by chicks in the first experiment (see 2 above) was associated in most instances with avoidance of the model, or with “searching” accompanied by distress calls, or with attempts to escape from the test-situation. It is noticeable that although initial avoidance of the model was stronger in isolated chicks than it was in socialised ones, the following-response scores of the former were higher than those of the latter. The socialised chicks were, on the other hand, characterised by more persistent “searching” and “distress.” This suggests that the absence of following in socialised chicks is not primarily due to fear of the moving object. 5. Observation of 4–5 day-old chicks in the experimental situation, in groups of six instead of singly, showed that distress and fear only occur because a chick is suddenly isolated from its fellows. The grouped chicks showed no signs of “emotionality”; but nevertheless showed no tendency to follow a model. Their social responses to one another, however, were very strong: as soon as a chick was forcibly separated from the other chicks it started making distress calls until it saw the others and ran towards them. The effect of socialisation is not therefore, to reduce the strength of the following-response but to increase its selectivity. 6. The results support the hypothesis that chicks become imprinted or otherwise conditioned to one another, and as a result are henceforth inhibited from following unfamiliar objects, though this may again become possible after a subsequent period of isolation. Since the initial, unselective response is lost in socialised chicks before fear is sufficiently well developed to interfere with it, it is suggested that, under normal conditions, it is this effect of socialisation which determines, primarily, the age at which the chicks cease to follow a strange object, and the age at which, therefore, imprinting ceases to be possible." @default.
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• W2014292023 date "1959-01-01" @default.
• W2014292023 modified "2023-09-23" @default.
• W2014292023 title "Socialisation and imprinting in brown leghorn chicks" @default.
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• W2014292023 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-3472(59)90027-2" @default.
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