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- W201503896 abstract "The units for absorbed dose in a particular organ from a given quantity of injected radionuclide are energy per mass (joules per kilogram). The absorbed energy is the product of the total number of radionuclide disintegrations in an organ, the energy per disintegration, and the fraction of that energy that is absorbed in the organ. The dose is this product divided by the mass of the organ. The number of disintegrations is calculated from the concentration of the radionuclide in the organ and the physical and biological half-life. The energy per disintegration is determined from the tabulated physical data, and the absorbed energy is the fraction of the emissions that stay in the organ as determined from the radiation type and geometry of the distribution and organ. For any situation, a dose can be calculated from the tabulated data and the results of biological experiments on the distribution of a radionuclide or chemical containing the radionuclide. To simplify the calculations, the method for calculating the radiation dose per organ has been formalized as the Medical Internal Radiation Dose (MIRD) schema. The schema uses the base formula:DA0=∫AtdtA0=τSwhere D/A0 is the absorbed dose per injected activity A0, and ∫ A(t)dt/A0 is the integral of the accumulated activity per injected dose whose units will be time; thus, τ is the residence time. A(t) is determined by animal studies of the amount of activity different organs receive after injection of the radiotracer. The term S represents all the physical factors including the absorbed fractions from radiation in the specific organ as well as the amount of radiation that organ receives from other organs that have accumulated the radionuclide. Tables of S-values were generated from Monte Carlo calculations using known organ geometries from infants to adults including pregnant woman. The conversion from the physical units of joules per mass (Gray) to contemporary terms of Sievert, equivalent dose, and effective dose is employed to account for the biological consequences of the different forms of radiation and for the different health detriment risk probabilities for different tissues or organs.Dose calculation methods using physical principles as well as the MIRD schema that has been enabled by commercial software are presented in this chapter." @default.
- W201503896 created "2016-06-24" @default.
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- W201503896 date "2014-01-01" @default.
- W201503896 modified "2023-10-16" @default.
- W201503896 title "Absorbed Radiation Dose Assessment from Radionuclides" @default.
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