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• W2015929168 abstract "Abstract Deregulation introduced by the 1996 Telecommunications Act brought unprecedented change to broadcasting, including the consolidation of independent radio stations within mega-networks. Acting in response to decreasing diversity in station ownership, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) launched low-power FM (LPFM) radio in 2000. In the FCC's vision, thousands of community-based radio stations would serve local needs and increase diversity in programming and station ownership. However, despite its potential for serving urban minorities and improving connections between stations and local communities, fewer than 1,200 LPFM radio stations were established between February 2000 and July 2007. In this article we examine the distribution of LPFM stations, efforts by full-power broadcasters to limit LPFM expansion, and groups that have benefited most from the LPFM initiative. Our findings reveal that few LPFM stations have been established in densely populated urban areas that are subject to spectrum crowding. In lieu of helping inner-city minorities, the main beneficiaries of LPFM have been white Americans living in rural areas. Although civic and community organizations have been successful in establishing stations, the greatest number of LPFM stations are operated by religious organizations. This study can be viewed within a broader framework involving diverging interests of national corporations and small communities. La liberalización ordenada por la Ley de Telecomunicaciones de 1996 introdujo cambios sin precedentes a la radiodifusión, incluso la consolidación de estaciones de radio independientes dentro de mega-cadenas. Al actuar frente a la baja diversidad de propiedad de las estaciones, la Comisión Federal de Comunicaciones (FCC, por la sigla en inglés) empezó desde el 2000 a promover la radio FM de bajo poder (LPFM, low power FM). De acuerdo con la visión que tenía la FCC, miles de estaciones de radio comunitarias servirían las necesidades locales e incrementarían la variedad en programación y propiedad de las estaciones. No obstante, a pesar de su potencial de servicio para minorías urbanas y para mejorar las conexiones entre las estaciones y las comunidades locales, entre febrero del 2000 y julio del 2007 apenas se establecieron menos de 1.200 estaciones de radio LPFM. En este artículo examinamos la distribución de estaciones LPFM, los esfuerzos de radiodifusoras de pleno poder por limitar la expansión de las LPFM, y los grupos que más se han beneficiado de la iniciativa LPFM. Nuestros descubrimientos indican que muy pocas estaciones LPFM fueron establecidas en las áreas urbanas densamente pobladas, sometidas a gran congestión del espectro. En vez de ayudar a las minorías del interior de las ciudades, los principales beneficiarios de las LPFM han sido los americanos blancos que viven en las áreas rurales. Si bien las organizaciones cívicas y comunitarias han tenido éxito en la fundación de estaciones, el mayor número de estaciones LPFM son operadas por organizaciones religiosas. Este estudio puede mirarse en un marco mucho más amplio que involucre los intereses divergentes de corporaciones nacionales y comunidades pequeñas. Key Words: 1996 Telecommunications Actlocalismradio关键词: 1996年电信法地方主义广播电台Palabras clave: Ley de Telecomunicaciones de 1996localismoradio THOMAS A. WIKLE is a Professor in the Department of Geography at Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078. E-mail: t.wikle@okstate.edu. His research interests include wireless communications and volunteer organizations. JONATHAN C. COMER is a Professor in the Department of Geography at Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078. E-mail: jon.comer@okstate.edu. His research interests include wireless communications, rural transportation issues, and professional sport stadium location patterns. Notes a Includes full-power stations adjacent to the census urban area boundary. 1. CitationHilliard and Keith (2005) note that similar forms of low-power FM stations were established across European and Latin American countries in the 1980s and 1990s. 2. The average cost of a radio station is now $2.5 million. Although comprising 51 percent of the U.S. population, women own only 6 percent of full-power commercial radio stations. Likewise, ethnic minorities make up 33 percent of the U.S. population but account for only 7.7 percent of full-power radio stations' ownership. See http://www.stopbigmedia.com/files/off_the_dial.pdf (last accessed 7 July 2008). 3. The top radio formats among full-power stations are adult contemporary, top forty, oldies, news/talk/sports, and country. The number of stations offering ethnic programming is also declining as networks change formatting to attract more affluent listening audiences (CitationHuntemann 1999). 4. The 600 KHz spacing policy was adopted by the FCC in 1963 when analog radios were tuned by moving the knob on a variable capacitor. Modern FM receivers utilize phase-lock loop and digital synthesis, enabling them to tolerate considerably closer channel spacing. 5. Spacing may be less in some areas because 400 full-power FM stations licensed before 1964 are not required to meet third channel adjacency requirements (FCC 2000a). 6. The database of operational LPFM stations was obtained from FCC records maintained at http://www.fcc.gov/mb/audio/fmq.html (last accessed 7 July 2008). 7. U.S. Census Bureau. http://www.census.gov/geo/www/ua/ua_2k.html (last accessed 7 July 2008). 8. LPFM stations may broadcast up to sixteen hours of content that is nonlocal. 9. A copy of the LCRA can be viewed at http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c110:H.R.2802 (last accessed 7 July 2008)." @default.
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• W2015929168 date "2009-07-06" @default.
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• W2015929168 title "Barriers to Establishing Low-Power FM Radio in the United States" @default.
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