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• W2016761685 abstract "Summary A new mechanistic model to predict natural separation efficiency in vertical pumped wells has been developed. The model is based on the combined phase momentum equations and a general slipclosure relationship. New drag-coefficient correlations have been developed that correspond to bubbly (i.e., undistorted particle) and churn-turbulent flow regimes. The model indicates that natural separation efficiency depends strongly on geometry, void fraction, and in-situ gas flow rate. Introduction Natural phase separation within a tubing-casing annulus is an integral part of the overall bottomhole separation process for pumped wells. For electrical submersible pump (ESP) systems, natural separation determines the amount of free gas entering the pump, which, in turn, influences the overall pumping efficiency. Alhanati1 developed a theoretical model to predict the natural separation efficiency of ESP systems with a rotary gas separator. The model demonstrated good agreement with the experimental data gathered by Alhanati1 and Sambangi2 that used water and air as the pumped fluids and by Lackner,3 who employed hydrocarbon and air as the pumped fluids. The experimental data cover the gas/liquid ratio (GLR) values, which ranged from 50 to 300 scf/ STB, pressure values up to 300 psi, and liquid flow rates up to 3,600 B/D. The equivalent in-situ uniform annulus void fraction's range was from 25 to 70%. However, as successful as this model was for their situation, the model failed to match the data taken by Serrano,4 which had void fractions ranging from 5 to 15%. As a result, Serrano4 extended Alhanati's model by developing an empirical correlation capable of predicting the local void fraction for the region in front of the pump inlet ports. However, this model continued to use the no-slip assumption in the radial direction. The model was based on water-air experimental data, in which the in-situ void fraction around the motor section varied between 0 and 20% for inclination angles of 30, 60, and 90° from horizontal. The correlation was developed for both bubbly and slug flow regimes. Because of how the correlation was developed, Serrano's model cannot be used in situations in which the void fraction is greater than 20%. The objective of the work presented here is to develop a more comprehensive model for natural gas separation in vertical wells. The model covers the full range of void fractions and supplies an analytical explanation about the natural separation process in vertical pumped wells. The new model is based on the combinedphase momentum equations and a general slip-closure relationship applied to a single control volume situated in front of the pump intake ports. Literature Review Lea and Bearden5 performed experimental studies to determine the effect of free gas introduced into the pumped fluid on the performance of an ESP. Because their main objective was to investigate pump head degradation caused by the presence of free gas, a detailed discussion regarding the natural separation process was not included. Their experimental data indicated that the annulus separation efficiency increases as more free gas is fed into the system and decreases as the liquid flow rate increases. Schmidt and Doty6 as well as Podio et al.7 discussed the natural separation process in conjunction with using a gas anchor in beampumping installations. However, there is no detailed theoretical explanation directly applicable to the model developed in this study. Alhanati1 developed a mechanistic model to predict the efficiency of an ESP rotary gas separator. As part of the model, he produced a simple model to predict the natural separation efficiency of ESP systems. The main assumptions in this model are that a uniform void fraction exists within the region surrounding the motor section up to the gas outlet ports and that a no-slip condition exists between the gas and liquid phases for the region in front of the gas separator's intake ports. Based on these assumptions, the annulus efficiency can be calculated with the following formula. Equation 1 in which vsl=the liquid superficial velocity and v8 =the terminal bubble rise velocity expressed by Harmathy8 as Equation 2 Alhanati1 gathered some experimental data with a full-scale water-air experimental facility. The facility incorporated an ESP assembly with a 4.5-in. motor housing located inside a 6.3-in. casing. This model demonstrated reasonable agreement with his experimental data for gas void fractions ranging between 20 and 70%. Sambangi2 gathered additional data on a water-air system to further validate the Alhanati1 model. No significant modifications to the model were required by the new data set. Lackner3 investigated the effects of fluid properties (mainly viscosity) on the separation efficiency of an ESP rotary gas separator. Some experimental data were gathered from a field-scale hydrocarbon-air system in which mineral oils with viscosities of approximately 18 to 50 cp at 60°F were used as the liquid phase. Verification of the Alhanati1 model by Lackner's3 experimental data indicates that the model can be applied to viscous fluids when viscosity values fall within the range used in the investigation. Serrano4 studied the effect of the ESP system's inclination angle on its natural separation efficiency. Using a full-scale water air ESP experimental facility with a 3.75-in. outer diameter (OD) motor housing located inside a 5-in. inside diameter (ID) casing, Serrano4 gathered 36 data points for vertical flow with void fractions as high as 15%. Based on his experimental work, Serrano4 found that the void fraction across the annulus is different from the void fraction that enters the pump. He developed some empirical correlations to calculate the void fraction going into the pump (ap) as a function of the void fraction within the annulus (ai) and the inclination angle (?) for two different flow regimes (i.e., bubbly and churn)." @default.
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• W2016761685 date "2003-02-01" @default.
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• W2016761685 title "A Simple Model To Predict Natural Gas Separation Efficiency in Pumped Wells" @default.
• W2016761685 doi "https://doi.org/10.2118/81826-pa" @default.
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