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• W2017007375 abstract "Hydrolysis of the tail phosphotyrosine in Src family members is catalyzed by the protein-tyrosine phosphatase CD45, activating Src family-related signaling pathways. Using purified recombinant phospho-Src (P-Src) (amino acid residues 83–533) and purified recombinant CD45 catalytic (cytoplasmic) domain (amino acid residues 565–1268), we have analyzed the kinetic behavior of dephosphorylation. A time course of phosphatase activity showed the presence of a burst phase. By varying the concentration of P-Src, it was shown that the amplitude of this burst phase increased linearly with respect to P-Src concentration. Approximately 2% of P-Src was shown to be rapidly dephosphorylated followed by a slower linear phase. A P-Src protein substrate containing a functional point mutation in the Src homology domain 2 (SH2) led to more rapid dephosphorylation catalyzed by CD45, and this reaction showed only a single linear kinetic phase. These results were interpreted in terms of a model in which P-Src exists in a relatively slow dynamic equilibrium between “closed” and “open” conformational forms. Combined mutations in the SH2 and SH3 domain or the addition of an SH3 domain ligand peptide enhanced the accessibility of P-Src to CD45 by biasing P-Src to a more open form. Consistent with this model, a phosphotyrosine peptide that behaved as an SH2 domain binding ligand showed ∼100-fold greater affinity for unphosphorylated Srcversus P-Src. Surprisingly, P-Src possessing combined SH3 and SH2 functional inactivating point mutations was dephosphorylated by CD45 more slowly compared with P-Src completely lacking SH3 and SH2 domains. Additional data suggest that the SH3 and SH2 domains can inhibit accessibility of the P-Src tail to CD45 by interactions other than direct phosphotyrosine binding by the SH2 domain. Taken together, these results suggest how activation of Src family member signaling pathways by CD45 may be influenced by the presence or absence of ligand interactions remote from the tail. Hydrolysis of the tail phosphotyrosine in Src family members is catalyzed by the protein-tyrosine phosphatase CD45, activating Src family-related signaling pathways. Using purified recombinant phospho-Src (P-Src) (amino acid residues 83–533) and purified recombinant CD45 catalytic (cytoplasmic) domain (amino acid residues 565–1268), we have analyzed the kinetic behavior of dephosphorylation. A time course of phosphatase activity showed the presence of a burst phase. By varying the concentration of P-Src, it was shown that the amplitude of this burst phase increased linearly with respect to P-Src concentration. Approximately 2% of P-Src was shown to be rapidly dephosphorylated followed by a slower linear phase. A P-Src protein substrate containing a functional point mutation in the Src homology domain 2 (SH2) led to more rapid dephosphorylation catalyzed by CD45, and this reaction showed only a single linear kinetic phase. These results were interpreted in terms of a model in which P-Src exists in a relatively slow dynamic equilibrium between “closed” and “open” conformational forms. Combined mutations in the SH2 and SH3 domain or the addition of an SH3 domain ligand peptide enhanced the accessibility of P-Src to CD45 by biasing P-Src to a more open form. Consistent with this model, a phosphotyrosine peptide that behaved as an SH2 domain binding ligand showed ∼100-fold greater affinity for unphosphorylated Srcversus P-Src. Surprisingly, P-Src possessing combined SH3 and SH2 functional inactivating point mutations was dephosphorylated by CD45 more slowly compared with P-Src completely lacking SH3 and SH2 domains. Additional data suggest that the SH3 and SH2 domains can inhibit accessibility of the P-Src tail to CD45 by interactions other than direct phosphotyrosine binding by the SH2 domain. Taken together, these results suggest how activation of Src family member signaling pathways by CD45 may be influenced by the presence or absence of ligand interactions remote from the tail. The interplay between protein-tyrosine kinases and protein-tyrosine phosphatases regulates critical cellular processes (1Hunter T. Cell. 2000; 100: 113-127Google Scholar, 2Blume-Jensen P Hunter T. Nature. 2001; 411: 355-365Google Scholar, 3Tonks N.K. Neel B.G. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 2001; 13: 182-195Google Scholar). One of the few well established examples of a protein-tyrosine phosphatase phosphoprotein enzyme-substrate relationship in cell signaling is that of CD45 and Src. The CD45 tyrosine phosphatase participates in the catalytic removal of the tail phosphotyrosine from the Src protein-tyrosine kinases (4Hermiston M.L., Xu, Z. Majeti R. Weiss A. J. Clin. Invest. 2002; 109: 9-14Google Scholar, 5Qian D. Weiss A. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 1997; 9: 205-212Google Scholar, 6Thomas M.L. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 1994; 6: 247-252Google Scholar). Src kinases are maintained in a catalytically quiescent state by the presence of a tail phosphotyrosine that is introduced by the action of the protein-tyrosine kinase Csk (7Brown M.T. Cooper J.A. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1996; 1287: 121-149Google Scholar, 8Xu W. Harrison S.C. Eck M.J. Nature. 1997; 385: 595-602Google Scholar, 9Sicheri F. Moarefi I. Kuriyan J. Nature. 1997; 385: 602-609Google Scholar). The CD45-catalyzed tail dephosphorylation reaction involving phosphorylated Lck, Fyn, and perhaps other Src kinase family members is responsible for the stimulation of their tyrosine kinase activities. In the case of Lck, this catalytic stimulation results in T cell differentiation and activation (4Hermiston M.L., Xu, Z. Majeti R. Weiss A. J. Clin. Invest. 2002; 109: 9-14Google Scholar, 5Qian D. Weiss A. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 1997; 9: 205-212Google Scholar, 6Thomas M.L. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 1994; 6: 247-252Google Scholar). CD45 is a receptor-tyrosine phosphatase protein with an extracellular domain of unclear function and two intracellular domains, a protein-tyrosine phosphatase catalytic (D1) and pseudocatalytic (D2) domain that appear to collaboratively effect dephosphorylation (4Hermiston M.L., Xu, Z. Majeti R. Weiss A. J. Clin. Invest. 2002; 109: 9-14Google Scholar, 5Qian D. Weiss A. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 1997; 9: 205-212Google Scholar, 6Thomas M.L. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 1994; 6: 247-252Google Scholar, 10Johnson P. Ostergaard H.L. Wasden C. Trowbridge I.S. J. Biol. Chem. 1992; 267: 8035-8041Google Scholar, 11Streuli M. Krueger N.X. Thai T. Tang M. Saito H. EMBO J. 1990; 9: 2399-2407Google Scholar). The D1/D2 tandem is necessary and sufficient in vivo for tail dephosphorylation of Src family members. The nine Src family members are composed of a weakly conserved N-terminal membrane docking domain and three highly conserved modules: an SH3 1The abbreviations used are: SH3, Src homology domain 3; SH2, Src homology domain 2; BP, binding peptide; DTT, dithiothreitol; P-Src, phospho-Src; Fmoc, N-(9-fluorenyl)methoxycarbonyl; GST, glutathioneS-transferase. domain, an SH2 domain, a catalytic domain, and a phosphorylatable tyrosine-containing tail. Upon tail phosphorylation, Src adopts an intricate three-dimensional fold in which the SH3 domain interacts intramolecularly with the SH2 catalytic domain linker, and the SH2 domain binds to the tail phosphotyrosine (7Brown M.T. Cooper J.A. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1996; 1287: 121-149Google Scholar, 8Xu W. Harrison S.C. Eck M.J. Nature. 1997; 385: 595-602Google Scholar, 9Sicheri F. Moarefi I. Kuriyan J. Nature. 1997; 385: 602-609Google Scholar). Because the phosphotyrosine moiety appears to be buried in a pocket in the SH2 domain, it is difficult to understand how CD45 might gain access to the tail to remove its phosphate. Although the recombinant CD45 intracellular protein-tyrosine phosphatase domains have been prepared and studied as catalysts with phosphotyrosine peptide substrates (12Cho H. Krishnaraj R. Itoh M. Kitas E. Bannwarth W. Saito H. Walsh C.T. Protein Sci. 1993; 2: 977-984Google Scholar, 13Cho H. Ramer S.E. Itoh M. Kitas E. Bannwarth W. Burn P. Saito H. Walsh C.T. Biochemistry. 1992; 31: 133-138Google Scholar), there has not yet been reported a detailed analysis of CD45-catalyzed dephosphorylation of Src phosphoproteins in a purified system. To gain greater understanding of the molecular basis of CD45 recognition of a phosphoprotein substrate, we undertook a kinetic analysis of the dephosphorylation of tail-phosphorylated Src (P-Src) and report the results here. Hepes, Tris, DTT, ATP, bovine serum albumin, sodium vanadate, Triton X-100, and activated charcoal were obtained from Sigma; imidazole, MnCl2, and EDTA were purchased from Fisher. The [γ-32P]ATP (6000 Ci/mmol) was purchased from PerkinElmer Life Sciences. All Fmoc amino acid derivatives and resins were obtained from Novabiochem. The 5 (and 6)-carboxy-X-rhodamine succinimidyl ester and EnzChekTM phosphate assay kit were purchased from Molecular Probes. Cytoplasmic domain CD45 and Csk were prepared exactly as reported previously (14Wang Y. Guo W. Liang L. Esselman W.J. J. Biol. Chem. 1999; 274: 7454-7461Google Scholar, 15Grace M.R. Walsh C.T. Cole P.A. Biochemistry. 1997; 36: 1874-1881Google Scholar). The pET expression plasmid encoding kinase-inactive Src (amino acids 83–533; K295M) (16Wang D. Huang X.-Y. Cole P.A. Biochemistry. 2001; 40: 200-2010Google Scholar) was used to generate the plasmids encoding point mutations in the SH3 domain (W118V; src-3), SH2 domain (R174A; src-2), and the double mutant (W118V/R174A; src-23) using the QuikChange method (Stratagene), and the constructs were confirmed by DNA sequencing of the entire open reading frames. The expression plasmid encoding the catalytic domain of kinase-inactive Src (amino acid 260–533; K295M; src-cat) was as prepared previously (16Wang D. Huang X.-Y. Cole P.A. Biochemistry. 2001; 40: 200-2010Google Scholar). Src proteins were prepared from these vectors by expression inEscherichia coli, along with the chaperones GroES and GroEL as described previously (16Wang D. Huang X.-Y. Cole P.A. Biochemistry. 2001; 40: 200-2010Google Scholar). Each of these proteins, which contained N-terminal His tags, was purified by chromatography over a Zn-chelating column as reported previously (16Wang D. Huang X.-Y. Cole P.A. Biochemistry. 2001; 40: 200-2010Google Scholar). Proteins were concentrated by ultrafiltration to 2–4 mg/ml (determined by Bradford protein assay using bovine serum albumin as standard (17Bradford M.M. Anal. Biochem. 1976; 72: 248-254Google Scholar)) and stored in buffer at −80 °C. Protein purities estimated by SDS-PAGE stained with Coomassie Blue were >80%. The coding region for amino acid residues 83–259 (containing an R174A mutation) of the chickenc-src gene was subcloned into the pGEX-6P-1 expression vector (Amersham Biosciences) with BamHI andXhoI sites on the 5′- and 3′-ends, respectively. The GST fusion protein was expressed in E. coli and immobilized on glutathione-agarose resin as described previously (18Sondhi D. Cole P.A. Biochemistry. 1999; 38: 11147-11155Google Scholar). Removal of the GST tag from the fusion protein was achieved on-resin by treatment with PreScission protease (Amersham Biosciences) as described by the manufacturer. In brief, the cell lysate (obtained from 1 liter ofE. coli culture) containing GST fusion protein was immobilized on 0.2 g of glutathione-agarose resin suspended in 2 ml of cleavage buffer (50 mm Tris-HCl, pH 7.0, 150 mm NaCl, 1 mm EDTA, and 1 mm DTT) and treated with 30 units of PreScission protease overnight at 4 °C. The cleavage reaction mixture was further purified by chromatography over a MonoS (HR5/5) ion exchange column. The resultant protein (∼70% pure by SDS-PAGE stained with Coomassie Blue) was concentrated to 1.6 mg/ml (determined by Bradford protein assay) and stored at −80 °C. The molecular weight of the recombinant protein fragment was confirmed by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometric analysis. The phosphotyrosine-containing peptide (pY542) NH2-CEpYTNIKYSLADQTSGD-CO2H was prepared as described previously (19Lu W. Gong D. Bar-Sagi D. Cole P.A. Mol. Cell. 2001; 8: 759-769Google Scholar). The SH3 domain binding peptide (SH3BP) AcNH2-VSLARRPLPPLP-CONH2 (20Feng S. Kasahara C. Rickles R.J. Schreiber S.L. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1995; 92: 12408-12415Google Scholar) and the rhodamine-tagged, phosphotyrosine-containing peptide (Rhod-SH2BP) Ac-PQpYEEIPIGGGK(Rhod)-NH2 were prepared by solid phase peptide synthesis using the Fmoc strategy on a 0.1-mmol scale. For Rhod-SH2BP synthesis, phosphotyrosine was introduced in the phosphate-unprotected form. Orthogonal protection of the ε-NH2 group of the C-terminal Lys residue with Dde (dimethyldioxocyclohexylidene) allowed direct attachment of rhodamine (activated as a succinimide ester) before the final cleavage step (21Muir T.W. Sondhi D. Cole P.A. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1998; 95: 6705-6710Google Scholar). Peptides were cleaved and deblocked using Reagent K (10 ml of trifluoroacetic acid, 0.75 g of phenol, 0.5 ml of thioanisole, 0.25 ml of ethanedithiol, 0.5 ml of water) and purified to greater than 95% homogeneity by reversed phase high pressure liquid chromatography using a water:acetonitrile:0.05% trifluoroacetic acid gradient. Correct peptide structures were confirmed by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Purified recombinant proteins were phosphorylated at Tyr-527 by Csk. General reactions were performed in a volume of 0.5 ml at 30 °C and pH 7.4 with 15–30 μm Src protein or Src mutants (see Fig. 1), 30 nm Csk, 2 mmMnCl2, 60 μm ATP (0.4 μCi of [γ-32P]ATP), 60 mm Tris-HCl, 4 mm Na-Hepes, 10 mm DTT, 60 μg/ml bovine serum albumin for 30 min in a 1.5-ml plastic (Eppendorf) tube. Phosphorylated proteins were purified by chromatography on a Zn-chelating column as described previously (16Wang D. Huang X.-Y. Cole P.A. Biochemistry. 2001; 40: 200-2010Google Scholar) and were then dialyzed against phosphatase assay buffer (25 mm Na-Hepes, pH 7.5, 5 mmEDTA, 10 mm DTT). The proteins were concentrated by Centricon ultrafiltration (Millipore), and the concentration was determined by Bradford protein analysis. Stoichiometry of Src protein phosphorylation was determined to be >90% by radioactive counting. Less than 5% phosphorylation of the Src Y527F protein in the presence of Csk was observed indicating a specific labeling on the tail tyrosine residue Tyr-527 of the above proteins. Dephosphorylation activity was measured based on the release of inorganic phosphate. Reactions were performed in a volume of 0.03 ml at 25 °C and pH 7.5 with 0.5–100 μmphosphorylated Src or mutants, 0.5–60 nm CD45, 25 mm Na-Hepes, pH 7.5, 5 mm EDTA, and 10 mm DTT in a 0.6-ml plastic (Eppendorf) tube. Reactions were initiated with CD45 and aliquots (3–8 μl) of reaction mixture at fixed time points (up to 15 min) and were quenched with 400 μl of acidic 5% activated charcoal suspension, followed by immediate vortexing. The quenched mixtures were centrifuged for 20 min at 2000 × g, and 200 μl of the supernatant was then removed and transferred to 9 ml of scintillation fluid, and radioactivity was then measured by scintillation counting. Dephosphorylation of P-Src and mutants was shown to occur linearly with respect to CD45 concentration in the ranges used and linearly with respect to time up to ≥20 min (except for those reactions showing a burst phase; see below). The assay was further validated by demonstrating that excess CD45 could completely (>95%) dephosphorylate P-Src. The effectiveness of the quench was established by showing that no further phosphate release occurred after vortexing with activated charcoal. All assays were performed at least twice, and duplicates typically agreed within 20%. In all cases, reaction of the limiting substrate did not exceed 10%. Time course data were fitted either to a single-phase linear model or a two-phase kinetic model containing a first-order “burst phase” followed by a first-order steady-state phase (22Ghose C. Raushel F.M. Biochemistry. 1985; 24: 5894-5898Google Scholar), shown in Equation 1, P=A(1−e−kt)+vtEquation 1 where P is product formation, A is burst amplitude, kis burst rate constant, v is steady-state rate, and t is time. The steady-state kinetic parameters were obtained from fitting data to the Michaelis-Menten equation using a non-linear curve-fitting approach as described previously (16Wang D. Huang X.-Y. Cole P.A. Biochemistry. 2001; 40: 200-2010Google Scholar). Partial dephosphorylation of P-Src was catalyzed by CD45 in a reaction with 10 μm P-Src, 30 nm CD45 at 25 °C for 4 min. The reaction was then quenched with 0.7 mm sodium vanadate. Under these conditions, it was estimated that ∼3% of the P-Src was hydrolyzed. The reaction mixture was loaded on to a 0.5-ml Zn-chelating column and purified as reported previously (16Wang D. Huang X.-Y. Cole P.A. Biochemistry. 2001; 40: 200-2010Google Scholar). This purified partially dephosphorylated P-Src (2 μm) was subsequently tested as a CD45 substrate as described above. To assess the interaction of CD45 and SH3-SH2 domain of Src, EnzChekTM phosphate assays with a short phosphopeptide substrate were performed as described by the manufacturer (Molecular Probes) based on the method of Webb (23Webb M.R. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1992; 89: 4884-4887Google Scholar). In brief, reactions were performed with 1 nm CD45, 1–8 μm SH3-SH2–2, 25 μm pY542 peptide, 12 μl MESG (2-amino-6-mercapto-7-methyl-purine riboside), 0.6 μl of purine nucleoside phosphorylase, 3 μl of 20× reaction buffer (400 mm Tris-HCl, pH 7.5, 20 mm MgCl2, 100 mm DTT, 1 m NaCl) in a 60-μl reaction volume in a cuvette at 25 °C and quantitatively monitored by UV absorbance change at 360 nm. The reaction velocities were calculated based on the release of inorganic phosphate versus time. Control experiments showed no apparent change in CD45 activity with further increases of purine nucleoside phosphorylase and that the phosphatase activity was linear with respect to time and enzyme concentration in this range. Furthermore, the concentration of peptide substrate used was well below its K m in this system. To measure the dissociation constants (K D) for binding of a SH2 domain binding peptide to the phosphorylated P-Src and non-phosphorylated Src-Y527F proteins, titration reactions were conducted by titrating fixed concentrations (1 μm) of Rhod-SH2BP peptide with increasing amounts of the protein (0–90 μm) on a SPEX Fluoromax spectrofluorometer using a 3-mm-square cuvette (24Jiang Y.L. Kwon K. Stivers J.T. J. Biol. Chem. 2001; 276: 42347-42354Google Scholar). The emission spectra were collected over the wavelength range of 595 to 700 nm with an excitation wavelength of 574 nm. All measurements were performed in 20 mm Na-Hepes, pH 7.5, 5 mm DTT, 50 mm NaCl at 25 °C. The fluorescence intensity (F) at 605 nm was plotted against protein concentration to obtain the K D from Equations 2 and 3, shown below, after the background fluorescence of protein was subtracted from each spectrum (F o and F f are the initial and final fluorescence intensities, respectively). F=F0−{(F0−Ff)[Peptide]tot/2}{b−(b2−4[Protein]tot[Peptide]tot)1/2}Equation 2 b=KD+[Protein]tot+[Peptide]totEquation 3 Recombinant human Src (83–533) was overproduced and purified from E. coli as described previously (16Wang D. Huang X.-Y. Cole P.A. Biochemistry. 2001; 40: 200-2010Google Scholar) and phosphorylated with [γ-32P]ATP to near completion with recombinant Csk to generate P-Src (Fig.1). A kinase-defective mutant of Src was employed to aid in Src expression (16Wang D. Huang X.-Y. Cole P.A. Biochemistry. 2001; 40: 200-2010Google Scholar). As demonstrated previously (16Wang D. Huang X.-Y. Cole P.A. Biochemistry. 2001; 40: 200-2010Google Scholar,18Sondhi D. Cole P.A. Biochemistry. 1999; 38: 11147-11155Google Scholar, 25Wang D. Cole P.A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001; 123: 8883-8887Google Scholar), Csk is extremely selective for the C-terminal tyrosine of Src family members, which, in part, was confirmed here by demonstrating the lack of phosphorylation of the Y527F mutant. Specific radioactivity of labeled P-Src obtained in this manner suggested 95–100% labeling. The protein was purified away from residual ATP and Csk by affinity chromatography and subjected to CD45 dephosphorylation, and the inorganic phosphate generation was monitored by partitioning with activated charcoal. In a time course of dephosphorylation of P-Src, a burst phase of inorganic phosphate release was observed reproducibly followed by a slower phase of phosphate generation (Fig.2). These data were nicely fit by a burst phase kinetic model with two first-order rate constants,k burst = 0.8 min−1, andk steady-state = 0.1 min−1, and burst amplitude = 59 nm. In initial experiments, it was considered that this burst phase might be because of the initial single turnover by the enzyme (22Ghose C. Raushel F.M. Biochemistry. 1985; 24: 5894-5898Google Scholar), in part, because the burst amplitude (40–60 nm) was somewhat similar to the concentration of CD45 present (30 nm determined by Bradford assay). However, a plot of the time course as a function of different CD45 concentrations failed to show a significant change in the amplitude of the burst phase (data not shown). In contrast, the amplitude of the burst phase increased linearly with increasing P-Src concentration over a fairly wide range (Fig.3). The slope of a plot of burst amplitude versus P-Src concentration (Fig. 3 B) was ∼0.02, suggesting that 2% of the P-Src was reacting with a relatively rapid rate constant and 98% with a somewhat slower value.Figure 3CD45 dephosphorylation of P-Src.A, multiple time courses of the hydrolysis of P-Src at various P-Src concentrations. ×, 1 μm; ▵, 2 μm; ▴, 4 μm; ■, 10 μm; ▪, 15 μm; ○, 20 μm; ●, 30 μm. [CD45] = 30 nm, 25 °C. Each plot was fit to the burst phase equation described under “Experimental Procedures.” B, plot of burst amplitude versus[P-Src]. Data was obtained from the burst equation fit from the data in Fig. 3A. The data was fit to a linear equation and gave a slope of 0.02.View Large Image Figure ViewerDownload (PPT) Two possibilities were considered for the above behavior. In the first, two stable and presumably covalently different forms of P-Src were present, perhaps because of oxidation or proteolysis of a minor amount of protein. A second possibility was that there are two forms of interconverting P-Src in an established equilibrium. In either case, the burst phase would be because of the minor component, which is a more efficiently processed substrate. To distinguish between these models, the P-Src protein was treated with CD45 until ∼3% of the P-Src was hydrolyzed and then quenched with vanadate. Theoretically, this should be sufficient to remove the minor component, estimated to be 2% as stated above. The quenched reaction mixture was eluted over a Zn chelate column to remove the CD45. After dialysis to remove vanadate, the pre-hydrolyzed P-Src was again exposed to CD45, and the time course of product formation was recorded. The time course with this pre-hydrolyzed P-Src (Fig. 2 B) was essentially identical to untreated P-Src (Fig. 2 A) arguing in favor of the model of interconverting forms of P-Src and against the concept that irreversible covalent changes are responsible for the burst phase behavior. In considering the structural basis for the minor component showing enhanced efficiency as a CD45 substrate, we considered the possibility that this form of the protein could contain a disruption in its known intramolecular SH2-pTyr or SH3-PPII linker interactions. To evaluate these possibilities, we prepared the following mutant proteins: P-Src-2, P-Src-3, P-Src-23, and P-Src-cat (Fig. 1). The CD45-catalyzed dephosphorylation time courses for these proteins were obtained and are shown in Fig.4, and the rates versussubstrate concentrations are plotted in Fig.5. It is apparent from Fig. 4 that the burst phase associated with “wild-type” P-Src protein substrate has essentially disappeared, and the data for the mutants could be reasonably fit to linear time courses. Each of the mutant proteins exhibited faster steady-state rates compared with “wild-type” P-Src. These data suggest that the initial burst phase in P-Src dephosphorylation is the result of a more open form of P-Src, which is lacking the crystallographically observed intramolecular SH2-phosphotyrosine interaction (8Xu W. Harrison S.C. Eck M.J. Nature. 1997; 385: 595-602Google Scholar, 9Sicheri F. Moarefi I. Kuriyan J. Nature. 1997; 385: 602-609Google Scholar). Examination of Fig. 5 indicates that P-Src and mutant P-Src proteins display reasonable fits to Michaelis-Menten kinetics although theK m for all but P-Src-cat was hard to ascertain, because for these substrates it is much greater than 10 μm. Finally, the effects of the point mutations show cooperativity as suggested by the progression of steady-state dephosphorylation rates (V/E) for P-Src (0.1 min−1, calculated from Fig. 2), P-Src-3 (0.28 min−1), P-Src-2 (1.8 min−1), and P-Src-23 (6.9 min−1) (Fig. 4).Figure 5Kinetic analysis of the CD45 dephosphorylation of P-Src and mutants. A, plot of velocity versus [P-Src]; B, [P-Src-2];C, [P-Src-23]; D, [P-Src-cat]. The steady-state velocities of P-Src were obtained from multiple time courses fit to the burst equation. Data were fit to the standard Michaelis-Menten equation. [CD45] = 1–60 nm, 25 °C. The steady-state catalytic efficiency (k cat/K m) for these proteins is as follows: P-Src, 1.1 ± 0.1 × 103M−1s−1; P-Src-2, 1.5 ± 0.2 × 104 M−1s−1; P-Src-23, 4.7 ± 0.5 × 104M−1s−1; and P-Src-cat, 1.6 ± 0.1 × 106 M−1s−1. For P-Src-cat,k cat = 1.5 ± 0.1 × 103min−1, K m = 15 ± 3 μm.View Large Image Figure ViewerDownload (PPT) That the substrate P-Src-3 showed a steady-state kinetic rate of dephosphorylation that was 3-fold faster than that of wild-type P-Src, and P-Src-23 showed a 3-fold faster steady-state rate compared with P-Src-2 suggested that the SH3-PPII linker interaction is modestly inhibitory to CD45 recognition and/or dephosphorylation. To further assess this possibility, the proline-rich high affinity ligand SH3BP was added to the P-Src and P-Src-2 dephosphorylation reactions as an independent way to disrupt the intramolecular SH3-linker interaction in P-Src. As can be observed in both cases (Fig. 6, A andB), the steady-state rate of dephosphorylation was enhanced by the presence of SH3BP by about 3-fold. Although a burst phase for CD45-catalyzed dephosphorylation of P-Src still appears to be present, the burst phase amplitude is ∼2-fold larger in the presence of SH3BP. Taken together with the SH3 mutation data, these results suggest that the SH2-phosphotyrosine and SH3-linker interactions cooperatively inhibit the dephosphorylation reaction catalyzed by CD45. Because the burst amplitude corresponds to about 2% of the total P-Src protein concentration, it was proposed that the ratio of concentrations at equilibrium between closed and open P-Src might be ∼50:1. To measure this equilibrium using an independent approach, a fluorescently labeled phosphotyrosine-containing peptide was synthesized, and its affinity with P-Src and unphosphorylated full-length Src was investigated (Fig. 6, C andD). The K D values for P-Src and unphosphorylated Src are 75 and 0.7 μm (suggesting an open/closed equilibrium of 100:1), respectively, in approximate concordance with the apparent equilibrium constant deduced from the dephosphorylation studies. Interestingly, P-Src-cat is quite a bit more (∼20-fold) efficiently dephosphorylated as a CD45 substrate compared with P-Src-23. Because two major intramolecular interactions are thought to be interrupted in this protein, it was unclear how the SH3 and SH2 domains were inhibiting CD45-catalzyed dephosphorylation. To gain greater insight into this observation, the effect of the presence intermolecularly of the Src SH2-SH3–2 fragment (bearing an Arg → Ala SH2 domain mutation; see Fig. 1) on CD45 dephosphorylation of P-Src-cat was investigated. A dosage-dependent inhibition of CD45-catalyzed dephosphorylation of P-Src-cat by SH2-SH3–2 was observed (Fig. 7), consistent with the finding that CD45 dephosphorylates intact P-Src less efficiently than P-Src-cat protein.Figure 7Effect of SH2-SH3–2 on the CD45 dephosphorylation of P-Src-cat and pY542 peptide. A, plot of velocity versus [SH2-SH3–2] in the presence of a fixed P-Src-cat concentration (1 μm); [CD45], 1 nm. B, plot of velocity versus[SH2-SH3–2] in the presence of a fixed pY542 concentration (25 μm), [CD45], 1 nm. See “Experimental Procedures” for conditions.View Large Image Figure ViewerDownload (PPT) Two potential models could explain how SH2-SH3–2 could inhibit CD45-catalyzed dephosphorylation of P-Src-cat. In one model, SH2-SH3–2 could directly bind and inhibit CD45 as a competitive inhibitor or allosteric regulator. In a second model, SH2-SH3–2 could interact with P-Src-cat directly, blocking its accessibility to CD45. To distinguish between these models, the effect of SH2-SH3–2 on CD45-catalyzed dephosphorylation of a short, unrelated peptide (pTyr542) was investigated. In these studies, it was found that CD45 activity on pTyr542 was not inhibited by SH2-SH3–2. These results favor the model in which SH2-SH3–2 limits access to P-Src-cat by a direct interaction between these two protein fragments, presumably mimicking an intramolecular interaction in P-Src. There has been increased attention with regard to how protein phosphatases recognize and act on physiologic phosphoprotein substrates (26Wang Z.X. Zhou B. Wang Q.M. Zhang Z.Y. Biochemistry. 2002; 18: 7849-7857Google Scholar, 27Zhao Y. Zhang Z.Y. J. Biol. Chem. 2001; 276: 32382-32391Google Scholar). These studies provide the first detailed analysis of purified CD45 catalytic domain with a tail-phosphorylated Src protein family member as substrate. It has been observed here that the behavior of the CD45-catalyzed dephosphorylation reaction of P-Src protein is more complex than that with P-Src-cat or phosphopeptide. It is envisioned that the intramolecular interaction between the phosphotyrosine and the SH2 domain limit accessibility of the phosphotyrosine to CD45 (Fig.8 A). Perhaps more unexpected is that the SH3 domain-PPII linker intramolecular interaction in P-Src also contributes significantly to inhibition of the CD45 dephosphorylation reaction. These intramolecular interactions appear to show cooperativity not only in preventing enzyme-catalyzed dephosphorylation as seen here but also in limiting the activity of the protein-tyrosine kinase activity of Src family members (28Porter M. Schindler T. Kuriyan J. Miller W.T. J. Biol. Chem. 2000; 275: 2721-2726Google Scholar, 29LaFevre-Bernt M. Sicheri F. Pico A. Porter M. Kuriyan J. Miller W.T. J. Biol. Chem. 1998; 273: 32129-32134Google Scholar, 30Moarefi I. LaFevre-Bernt M. Sicheri F. Huse M. Lee C.H. Kuriyan J. Miller W.T. Nature. 1997; 385: 650-653Google Scholar). One of the more interesting findings from these studies is the observation of a burst phase in CD45-catalyzed dephosphorylation of P-Src. This leads to at least two important conclusions regarding P-Src and its interaction with CD45. First, the equilibrium between the closed and open forms of P-Src (Fig. 8 A) can clearly influence the rate of dephosphorylation by CD45. Second, the rate-limiting step for dephosphorylation of P-Src by CD45 at steady state appears to involve the opening of P-Src with the loss of the intramolecular SH2-phosphotyrosine interaction (Fig. 8 B). That is, the energetic barrier in going from the open to closed conformation is presumably higher than the energetic barrier to CD45-catalyzed dephosphorylation. If the barrier to going from open to closed state were lower than the CD45-catalyzed dephosphorylation barrier, no burst phase should be observed, because a rapid equilibrium between the open and closed forms should exist. Thus, the CD45-dephosphorylation reaction offers a new approach to interrogating the rate of conformational change motions of P-Src. This should allow for the analysis of the effects of various ligands and mutations on the conformational state of the P-Src protein in a fashion complementary to measuring Src kinase activity or surface plasmon resonance (28Porter M. Schindler T. Kuriyan J. Miller W.T. J. Biol. Chem. 2000; 275: 2721-2726Google Scholar, 29LaFevre-Bernt M. Sicheri F. Pico A. Porter M. Kuriyan J. Miller W.T. J. Biol. Chem. 1998; 273: 32129-32134Google Scholar, 30Moarefi I. LaFevre-Bernt M. Sicheri F. Huse M. Lee C.H. Kuriyan J. Miller W.T. Nature. 1997; 385: 650-653Google Scholar, 31Boerner R.J. Kassel D.B. Barker S.C. Ellis B. DeLacy P. Knight W.B. Biochemistry. 1996; 35: 9519-9525Google Scholar). In principle, the “opening” rate in Fig. 8 should be equal to the k cat of P-Src dephosphorylation by CD45 at steady state, which can be estimated to be 5 min−1(Fig. 5 A). However, because the P-Src-23 rate of dephosphorylation catalyzed by CD45 is about 20-fold lower compared with P-Src-cat, it is not clear precisely what the open form really corresponds to structurally and what interactions are still present in this form of P-Src. Further studies with other phosphatases and complementary transient kinetic methods will likely be needed to provide increased insight into the physical basis for these rate constants. The three-dimensional interactions in P-Src-23 that prevent it from being as efficiently processed as P-Src-cat present an intriguing structural biology problem. The obvious implication is that significant long range, interdomain interactions in unphosphorylated Src may contribute to its catalytic activity, substrate interactions, and regulation. Recent structural and enzymatic studies on the related protein-tyrosine kinase Csk suggest that such long range interactions may have a significant impact on the structure and function of the kinase domain (18Sondhi D. Cole P.A. Biochemistry. 1999; 38: 11147-11155Google Scholar, 32Shekhtman A. Ghose R. Wang D. Cole P.A. Cowburn D. J. Mol. Biol. 2001; 314: 129-138Google Scholar, 33Ogawa A. Takayama Y. Sakai H. Chong K.T. Takeuchi S. Nakagawa A. Nada S. Okada M. Tsukihara T. J. Biol. Chem. 2002; 277: 14351-14354Google Scholar). The implications of the kinetic behavior of CD45-catalyzed dephosphorylation of P-Src on the scope and mechanisms of Src in cell signaling pathways are worth considering here. That there is a burst phase in dephosphorylation of the tail by CD45 could allow a Src-related pathway to undergo rapid initiation by a subpopulation of Src molecules. This initiation may then be followed by a slower but more sustained activation as the bulk of the tail-phosphorylated Src is dephosphorylated. These results also point to a new role for ligands, such as phosphotyrosine proteins and proline-rich ligands that can bind to the SH2 domain and SH3 domain of Src and their mode of activation of the tail-phosphorylated Src protein. Obviously, it is possible that they can directly activate the P-Src protein by restructuring the Src catalytic domain. But it is also now clear that they can enhance the tail dephosphorylation of Src, which again could lead to sustained Src pathway activation. A paradox concerning Src family member-CD45 interactions is that CD45 appears to be able to inactivate these tyrosine kinases by dephosphorylation of the activation loop phosphotyrosine site (4Hermiston M.L., Xu, Z. Majeti R. Weiss A. J. Clin. Invest. 2002; 109: 9-14Google Scholar, 5Qian D. Weiss A. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 1997; 9: 205-212Google Scholar, 6Thomas M.L. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 1994; 6: 247-252Google Scholar). It is not yet understood how activation loop dephosphorylation catalyzed by CD45 might be affected by the presence of tail phosphotyrosine or its interaction with SH2 domain. Moreover, it is not yet known how the lipid membranes that serve as the physiologic environment for CD45 and P-Src might influence catalysis. Future studies may allow a greater understanding of the effects of these complex variables on CD45-Src interactions. We thank J. Stivers for assistance with the fluorescence studies and members of the Cole laboratory for helpful discussions. We thank Dr. P. Johnson for providing the CD45 construct." @default.
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