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- W2017053103 abstract "The Grootegeluk Formation of the Waterberg Coalfield is about 70 m thick and consists of relatively thin coal beds interbedded with numerous mudstone and carbonaceous mudstone layers. Maceral analyses of the coal seams and the interbedded carbonaceous mudstones show that vitrinite is the dominant maceral (up to 90 vol%), whereas inertinite, liptinite and reactive semifusinite generally occur in minor proportions. The vitrinite content increases upward in the formation, with a concomitant decrease in inertinite (including reactive semifusinite) from around 60% inertinite at the base of the formation. The upward increase in the vitrinite concentration is associated with an increase in the energy of the depositional environment, which is also considered to have been instrumental in the enhanced preservation of the vitrinite. The repetitive nature of the coal-mudstone succession, the lateral persistence of cycles, and the maceral and ash proportions, indicate that the formation may have resulted from a combination of allogenic controls (tectonism and climate) and authigenic controls (environments of deposition). The vitrinite reflectance (R̄max) of the Grootegeluk Formation (mean 0.72%) and palynological evidence indicate that the Grootegeluk Formation was subjected to maximum post-depositional temperatures of about 100°C. The lower portion of the Grootegeluk Formation is dominated by kaolinite, quartz and minor amounts of apatite, and the upper parts by quartz, kaolinite and minor amounts of montmorillonite, illite and microcline. The base of the Grootegeluk Formation is considered to have been relatively more distal and the upper portions more proximal to the source of the sediments. At the base of the Grootegeluk Formation a ∼ 2 m thick tonstein zone occurs, which is dominated by well-crystallised kaolinite, organic matter ( ∼40 wt%), siderite, calcite and minor proportions of apatite. The tonstein zone has mineralogical, maceral and chemical characteristics distinctive from the other mudstones. Calcite lenses, which occur predominantly in the upper half of the Grootegeluk Formation, are interpreted as syndepositional. Early diagenetic globular pyrite and spherulitic siderite occur in the coals and organic-rich mudstones of the Grootegeluk Formation. Fine-grained granular siderite is present predominantly in the organic-poor mudstones of the Grootegeluk Formation and the overlying Beaufort Group. Systematic changes in the mineralogy and major element chemistry make major element whole-rock chemistry an ideal stratigraphic indicator tool for the Grootegeluk Formation. The tonstein has anomalously high concentrations of the trace elements Sc, V, Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu, Ge, Se, Br, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Ba, La, Ce, Nd, Pb, Th and U, and low concentrations of S, Co, As and Zn, which, in addition to its mineralogical character and correlation throughout the basin, make the tonstein an important chronostratigraphic marker for local and intrabasinal correlation. The overlying Beaufort Group mudstones contain no organic matter. However, interpretation of the mineralogical and chemical data indicates that they were deposited with organic matter which was later degraded. The mineralogy of the mudstones and the concentration of trace elements suggest that the sediments were deposited in fresh rather than in marine waters." @default.
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- W2017053103 title "The grootegeluk formation in the Waterberg Coalfield, South Africa: facies, palaeoenvironment and thermal history — evidence from organic and clastic matter" @default.
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- W2017053103 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/0166-5162(95)00029-1" @default.
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