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- W2017305890 abstract "Abstract Recent advances in our understanding of neurotransmitter and receptor pharmacology in the spinal cord have provided new directions for the development of novel analgesic compounds. Although IT opioids provide effective analgesia for most patients, limited duration of action, tolerance, and side effects represent a limitation. Nonopioids such as alpha-2 adrenergic and cholinergic agonists may be more suited as adjuvants rather than sole analgesic agents. N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonists could be used to treat centrally mediated hyperalgesia, although ketamine might have a neurotoxic potential. The role of other agents in pain management, such as somatostatin analogs, calcitonin, and calcium channel blockers, which all act by different pathways, remains to be determined. It is essential that appropriate animal neurotoxicity studies followed by controlled clinical trials are performed before widespread spinal administration of new drugs. The combined use of low doses of drugs with separate but synergistic mechanisms of analgesia can reduce the required dose as well as unwanted side effects." @default.
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- W2017305890 date "1998-07-01" @default.
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- W2017305890 title "Spinal anesthesia: Mechanisms, agents, methods, and safety*1" @default.
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- W2017305890 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/s1098-7339(98)90006-2" @default.
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