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• W2017979212 abstract "THE MAINTENANCE of a favorable water balance in the leaves of transpiring plants demands that loss of water from the leaves shall not, except for verv short periods, exceed the supply of water to them. The available balance of water in the leaves which can be expended in transpiration without the onset of wilting is surprisingly low in mesophytes (Knight, 1922). If, therefore, wilting and its consequences are to be avoided, a regular flow of water to the leaves is essential. With succulent plants, possessing special water storage tissue, the position is different, while with many non-succulent xerophvtes a considerable reduction in the water content of the leaves may occur without damage to the leaf resulting. During its passage from the soil to the leaves, water first enters the root hair and then passes through the cortex, endodermis and pericycle to the xylem, in which tissue it is transported to the foliage leaves. At any stage in its transport the water may encounter resistances to its passage, the resistances varying in magnitude from plant to plant and probably from time to time within the same plant. It is the purpose of this paper to discuss the resistances offered to water transport by both root and stem and the mechanism by which these resistances are overcome. STEM RESISTANCE.-Various determinations of the ability of stems to transmit water have been made (Dixon, 1914; Farmer, 1919; Warne, 1937), and it appears that the resistance offered to the movement of water in the vascular system of the stem is not great. Dixon with Taxus baccata showed that, to obtain a velocity of upward water transport in the stem sufficient to cover the transpiration requirements, needed a pressure equivalent to a head of water twice the length of the stem. If Dixon's conclusions are generally applicable, then in the tallest trees a pressure of approximately 23 atmospheres is necessary to raise water to the level of the highest leaves. The osmotic pressure of the leaves of trees is often sufficient to supply such a pull to the water column in the tracheae, while expressed plant saps are capable of transmitting a pull of this magnitude owing to their cohesive properties (Dixon, 1914). In shrubs and herbaceous plants the necessary pressure is much smaller. In a small shrub 200 cm. in height a pressure of only about 0.5 atmosphere is needed. Farmer (1919), however, showed that the conductivity of the woods of different species varied considerably. The specific conductivity, e.g., the amount of water transmitted through a 15 cm. length of stem in fifteen minutes under a pressure of 30 cm. mercury divided by the area of cross section of the conducting tract, was higher for deciduous than for evergreen trees and shrubs. The values found varied from 1.0 for Ruscus aculeatus to 95 for the" @default.
• W2017979212 created "2016-06-24" @default.
• W2017979212 creator A5019736337 @default.
• W2017979212 date "1942-12-01" @default.
• W2017979212 modified "2023-09-26" @default.
• W2017979212 title "THE SUPPLY OF WATER TO TRANSPIRING LEAVES" @default.
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• W2017979212 doi "https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1537-2197.1942.tb10295.x" @default.
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