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• W2019946061 abstract "•Population genetic approaches are being used to understand nematode parasites. •We shed light on species concepts, which are vague in nematodes. •Human activity is a leading cause of new parasite invasions. •New genomic technologies should be embraced to reveal more knowledge. The health and economic importance of parasitic nematodes cannot be overstated. Moreover, they offer a complex and diverse array of life strategies, raising a multitude of evolutionary questions. Researchers are applying population genetics to parasitic nematodes in order to disentangle some aspects of their life strategies, improve our knowledge about disease epidemiology, and design control strategies. However, population genetics studies of nematodes have been constrained due to the difficulty in sampling nematodes and developing molecular markers. In this context, new computational and sequencing technologies represent promising tools to investigate population genomics of parasitic, non-model, nematode species in an epidemiological context. The health and economic importance of parasitic nematodes cannot be overstated. Moreover, they offer a complex and diverse array of life strategies, raising a multitude of evolutionary questions. Researchers are applying population genetics to parasitic nematodes in order to disentangle some aspects of their life strategies, improve our knowledge about disease epidemiology, and design control strategies. However, population genetics studies of nematodes have been constrained due to the difficulty in sampling nematodes and developing molecular markers. In this context, new computational and sequencing technologies represent promising tools to investigate population genomics of parasitic, non-model, nematode species in an epidemiological context. correlation of an observation with itself. short nucleotide sequences (usually three to ten nucleotides) that are added to the primers (the forward and/or reverse primer) prior to sequencing, either through a ligation step or by directly incorporating the nucleotides to the 5′ extremity of the primer. Each barcode used in the same sequencing run typically differ from each other by two or more nucleotides. Barcodes are used in the multiplexing methodology to pool and sequence several samples in a single sequencing run (see below). a method by which a probability is calculated for the observed data given a previously determined parameter model, also called the prior distribution. For well-worked examples, please see http://kevinboone.net/bayes.html. population genetics model that traces the alleles of a gene backward in time until they merge with the most recent common ancestor (i.e., the coalescent time). all of the individuals of a parasitic species from one individual host at a particular time (infrapopulations) from a population of hosts. transmission of a parasite from one host species to another host species. two or more distinct species that are erroneously classified under one species name. This may have involved morphological and/or molecular data. a host in which a pathogen reaches maturity and for sexually reproducing pathogen species, where sexual reproduction takes place. life cycle that takes place in a single host species (the definitive host) and does not require any intermediate hosts or vector species. comparison between two phylogenetic trees gives differing topologies (structures), suggesting that the genes or species in the tree have different evolutionary histories. A frequent use is to identify instances where parasite speciation does not mirror that of their hosts, a probable consequence of host switching. movement of individuals that results in gene flow (i.e., transfer of genetic material) between populations. a measure to quantify the inbreeding at different levels in a hierarchical population structure. In a two-level population structure (a population subdivided into subpopulations), three fixation indexes can be defined. FIS measures the departure from HWE within each subpopulation. FST measures the departure from HWE due to population structure (non-random distribution of individuals within subpopulations), and therefore is a measure of population differentiation. FIT measures the departure from HWE for the whole population. species with separate male and female individuals. the Hardy–Weinberg model describes an idealised situation where, in the absence of the action of the evolutionary forces (mutation, selection, genetic drift, and migration) and under random mating, allelic and genotypic frequencies in a population remain constant with time. The HWE model assumes an ideal population, that is a large (i.e., infinite) population of diploid individuals that reproduce sexually and randomly, with non-overlapping generations and where mutation and migration are negligible and selection does not act. Genotype frequencies that deviate significantly from this model suggest that action of one of the above evolutionary forces. reproductive mode in which organisms produce both male and female gametes. Hermaphroditic organisms can reproduce through self-fertilisation, when the offspring is produced by male and female gametes from a single organism or through outcrossing, which involves gametes from two distinct individuals. the interbreeding of individuals from divergent lineages of the same species or from different subspecies (intraspecific hybridisation), or of individuals from different species (interspecific hybridisation). The individuals resulting from a hybridisation event are called hybrids. mating between relatives. An important consequence of inbreeding in populations is the increase in homozygosity. life cycle that requires the parasite to pass through several hosts species (intermediate and definitive hosts) and/or a vector species. For species of the Strongyloididae (e.g., Strongyloides ratti), indirect may refer to their ability to pass through a free-living gonochoristic phase instead of the direct parasitic route. all the individuals of a parasitic species from one individual host at a particular time. a host in or on which a pathogen spends a part of its life without reaching maturity with the possibility of going through developmental changes. the transfer of a segment of the genome of one species into the genome of another species following a hybridisation event and repeated backcrossings. the increase of genetic differentiation between populations with the geographic distance reflecting the fact that dispersal preferentially occurs between neighbouring populations. non-random association of alleles at different genetic loci. co-dominant (in heterozygous individuals, both alleles are detected) genetic marker consisting of repetition of a small number of nucleotides (usually two to six). Microsatellites, also called short tandem repeats (STRs) or simple sequence repeats (SSRs), are most often characterised by a relatively high mutation rate compared with other genomic regions and high level of intraspecific polymorphism, which results from the gain or loss of repeat units. analyses that group individuals into genetic clusters from their multilocus genotypes and allele frequencies, and assign each individual to the detected clusters. Genetic clusters are defined based on assumptions on the definition of a population (e.g., a panmictic group). coefficient of correlation that measures the correlation of the values of a variable, defined for a set of locations, between pairs of locations located at a given geographical distance. Moran's I range from –1 (strong negative spatial autocorrelation, i.e., nearby populations will be dissimilar) to 1 (strong positive autocorrelation, i.e., nearby populations will share more genetic similarity than expected by chance); a Moran's I of 0 is expected in the case of a random pattern. a methodology that allows the sequencing of several individuals in a single run by using barcodes in order to assign each read obtained from the sequencing run to a specific individual. Every individual from a single sequencing run will be given a unique barcode (or a unique combination of barcodes if barcodes are fixed to both forward and reverse primers; this allows to multiplex a larger number of samples); each read from the same individual will therefore share the same barcode(s) which will be different from the barcodes of the other individuals, allowing to track the individual of origin of each read. allele that is not amplified although present. The non-amplification of the allele can occur because of the presence of mutations in the flanking regions preventing the binding of the primers. population where mating is random with all individuals being potential mates. description of a group of organisms that does not include all the descendants of a common ancestor, as opposed to monophyletic groups, which include a common ancestor and all its descendants. Organisms of monophyletic and paraphyletic groups share characteristics that are identical-by-descent (i.e., that have been inherited from a recent common ancestor). asexual reproductive mode that does not involve fertilisation of the female gamete. the study of the processes that drives the geographic distribution of organisms by means of gene genealogies to study evolutionary relationships between lineages (phylogenetics) interpreted in light of the geographic repartition of individuals. the mating of a female with several males. description of a group of organisms that includes organisms, which share convergent or reverted characteristics (identical-by-state characteristics, i.e., characteristics that are similar due to chance and that have not been inherited from a recent common ancestor) or organisms from several distinct common ancestors. population structure describes the fact that populations deviate from the random model (where all individuals are potential partners and mate randomly) and are therefore subdivided. Population structure can be the consequence of non-random mating due, for example, to environmental factors (such as the presence of geographical barriers limiting dispersal or the presence of different conditions leading to differential selection pressure) or the social organisation, which can lead, for example, to inbreeding. mating with multiple partners. enzyme that cuts DNA at specific nucleotide sequences called restriction sites. at a specific nucleotide site, the sequences from different organisms do not have the same nucleotide, resulting in a polymorphism. SNPs can be in coding and non-coding regions of the genome. spatial analysis that tests whether observations are geographically distributed and correlated over some distance in space. Spatial autocorrelation indicates if a variable is aggregated, randomly distributed, or dispersed (see Box 2 in main text for more details). model of dispersal that states that gene flow occurs between adjacent subpopulations, and only the adjacent ones. The model considers that the population is subdivided into an infinite number of panmictic subpopulations (discrete subpopulations). Under a stepping-stone model, the genetic differentiation between two subpopulations is expected to increase with the geographic distance between the subpopulations, such as under the isolation-by-distance model. an organism that carries and transmits a pathogen to another organism. The parasitic larvae may undergo development in the vector. An example is the microfilariae to L3 transition for Brugia malayi within the mosquito. heterozygote deficit due to a substructure in a population and reflecting the mixing of differentiated gene pools." @default.
• W2019946061 created "2016-06-24" @default.
• W2019946061 creator A5019049650 @default.
• W2019946061 creator A5064980480 @default.
• W2019946061 date "2013-09-01" @default.
• W2019946061 modified "2023-10-16" @default.
• W2019946061 title "Unravelling parasitic nematode natural history using population genetics" @default.
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