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• W2020115912 abstract "CHANGING CONCEPTS IN DEVELOPMENTAL NEUROBIOLOGY* VIKTOR HAMBURGER^ I should like to take this opportunity to meditate on half a century of explorations in the field of experimental neurogenesis which I have witnessed or participated in. I shall do this in a rather personal and informal way. This, I am sure, would have the blessing of George Bishop, who had little use for formalities. To me it is still a miracle to watch the nervous system transform itself within a few weeks from a simple tube, composed of a few hundred seemingly undifferentiated embryonic cells, into the most complex organ system that has evolved in nature. So many interlocking production lines must operate with the highest precision, so many tightly programmed schedules must be met, so much could go wrong that one marvels that we all function as well as we do. But unraveling and understanding these intricacies is another matter. The neuroembryologist is overwhelmed by problems on the cellular, supercellular, and ultrastructural level. How do the literally hundreds of neuron strains, each with its own structural and biochemical identity, originate? How do they organize themselves into the supercellular units, the strata, columns, and nuclei in their precise topographic relationships? How is the circuitry established? How does an axon know on which dendritic spine to settle down? As if all this were not enough, we have to cope with the propensity of the neurons to establish intimate relations with any number of peripheral structures. This confronts us with problems of directional axon outgrowth and specific sensory and motor connections. Moreover, these relationships involve mutual dependencies of such stringency that they often decide on the life or death of the partners. By posing the problems the way I do, I reveal my bias, which is that of the experimental neuroembryologist brought up in a school where the dynamics of developmental relations and mutual interactions between *Nineteenth George H. Bishop Lecture in Experimental Neurology, given on April 19, 1974, at the Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis. tDepartment of Biology, Washington University, Saint Louis 63130. Research has been generously supported by the NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland. 162 I Viktor Hamburger · Developmental Neurobiology Fig. 1.—George H. Bishop (1889-1973) embryonic primordia were the primary concern. My bias was acquired in the laboratory ofH. Spemann, which in the twenties and thirties (while I was there first as a Ph.D. candidate and later as a Privatdozent) was at the zenith ofits activity. The organizer story was unraveling, and although I did not participate directly in this adventure, I became imbued with the spirit and the canons of experimental embryology, which in essence is the inquiry into the immediate causes or factors that determine the fate of cells and organ primordia. Today one hardly speaks of causality; we analyze mechanisms. And the term determination, which was then the key concept, is now translated into computer language as programPerspectives in Biology and Medicine · Winter 1975 I 163 Fig. 2.—Viktor Hamburger ming, with little net gain in basic insight. The art of microsurgery on amphibian embryos was brought to high perfection by the masters of experimental embryology, H. Spemann and R. Harrison. The aesthetic appeal added to the satisfaction of being engaged, as Spemann put it, in a direct dialogue with the living embryo, a pleasure which most modern molecular embryologists have to forgo. The focus of interest was on embryonic induction, which is a special category of developmental interactions. As it happens, the primordium of the nervous system, the neural plate, owes its existence to such an interaction, which occurs during a very early stage, the gastrulation 164 I Viktor Hamburger · Developmental Neurobiology phase. During that process, the mesoderm invaginates and its median portion applies itself closely to the overlying outer layer, the ectoderm. The mesoderm mantle then induces the formation of the neural plate in the overlying ectoderm; that is, it initiates neural differentiation by a chemical interaction. The induction was demonstrated by H. Spemann and Hilde Mangold in the classical organizer experiment on salamander embryos [1], which earned Spemann the Nobel Prize. If by appropriate transplantation a piece of mesoderm is brought into contact with a part of ectoderm that would normally..." @default.
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• W2020115912 title "Changing Concepts in Developmental Neurobiology" @default.
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