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• W20220848 abstract "The medical literature contains numerous articles concerned with antibiotic resistance. Many describe the mechanisms of resistance, but to noninfectious disease clinicians terminology is variable and often confusing. The resistance described is relative rather than absolute, and usually refers to acquired rather than natural resistance. Relative resistance refers to the gradual increase in the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC90) that occurs in susceptible organisms over time. In relative resistance an antibiotic is still effective against the sensitive organism. Increase in relative resistance is manifested by a gradual increase in MICs, and accounts for most of the resistance problems referred to in the literature and encountered in clinical practice. Absolute resistance occurs when a previously sensitive organism suddenly is no longer sensitive to an antibiotic, independent of the dose. Acquired absolute resistance to antibiotic therapy represents the most common and serious resistance problem encountered in critical care practice. 13 Cunha BA: Emerging resistant organisms in the outpatient setting. Semin Respir Ther (in press), 1997. Google Scholar , 14 Danziger L.H. Pendland S.L. Bacterial resistance to β-lactam antibiotics. Am J Hosp Pharm. 1995; 52: S3 Google Scholar , 15 Dudley M. Bacterial resistance mechanisms to β-lactam antibiotics: assessment of management strategies. Pharmacotherapy. 1995; 15: 9S PubMed Google Scholar , 23 Marr J.J. Moffitt H.L. Kunin C.M. Guidelines for improving the use of antimicrobial agents in hospitals: a statement by the Infectious Disease Society of America. J Infect Dis. 1988; 157: 869 Crossref PubMed Scopus (218) Google Scholar , 27 Murray B.E. Problems and dilemmas of antimicrobial resistance. Pharmacotherapy. 1992; 12: 86S PubMed Google Scholar , 28 O'Brien T.F. The global epidemic nature of antimicrobial resistance and the need to monitor and manage it locally. Clin Infect Dis. 1997; 24: S2 Crossref PubMed Google Scholar , 29 Qadri S.M.H. Kroschinsky R. Cunha B.A. Antimicrobial resistance of clinical isolates in Saudi Arabia and the USA. Curr Ther Res. 1990; 47: 130 Google Scholar , 30 Qadri S.M.H. Cunha B.A. Domenico P. Activity of cefepime against nosocomial bacteremia blood culture isolates. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1995; 36: 531 Crossref PubMed Scopus (10) Google Scholar , 31 Qadri S.M.H. Ueno Y. Cunha B.A. Susceptibility of clinical isolates to expanded spectrum β-lactams alone and in the presence of β-lactamase inhibitors. Chemotherapy. 1996; 42: 334 Crossref PubMed Scopus (12) Google Scholar , 36 Shea K.W. Ueno Y. Abumustafa F. et al. Doxycycline activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae.. Chest. 1995; 107: 1775 Crossref Scopus (26) Google Scholar , 40 Tenover F.C. McGowan Jr, J.E. Reasons for the emergence of antibiotic resistance. Am J Med Sci. 1996; 311: 9 Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (112) Google Scholar The medical literature contains numerous articles concerned with antibiotic resistance. Many describe the mechanisms of resistance, but to noninfectious disease clinicians terminology is variable and often confusing. The resistance described is relative rather than absolute, and usually refers to acquired rather than natural resistance. Relative resistance refers to the gradual increase in the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC90) that occurs in susceptible organisms over time. In relative resistance an antibiotic is still effective against the sensitive organism. Increase in relative resistance is manifested by a gradual increase in MICs, and accounts for most of the resistance problems referred to in the literature and encountered in clinical practice. Absolute resistance occurs when a previously sensitive organism suddenly is no longer sensitive to an antibiotic, independent of the dose. Acquired absolute resistance to antibiotic therapy represents the most common and serious resistance problem encountered in critical care practice. 13 Cunha BA: Emerging resistant organisms in the outpatient setting. Semin Respir Ther (in press), 1997. Google Scholar , 14 Danziger L.H. Pendland S.L. Bacterial resistance to β-lactam antibiotics. Am J Hosp Pharm. 1995; 52: S3 Google Scholar , 15 Dudley M. Bacterial resistance mechanisms to β-lactam antibiotics: assessment of management strategies. Pharmacotherapy. 1995; 15: 9S PubMed Google Scholar , 23 Marr J.J. Moffitt H.L. Kunin C.M. Guidelines for improving the use of antimicrobial agents in hospitals: a statement by the Infectious Disease Society of America. J Infect Dis. 1988; 157: 869 Crossref PubMed Scopus (218) Google Scholar , 27 Murray B.E. Problems and dilemmas of antimicrobial resistance. Pharmacotherapy. 1992; 12: 86S PubMed Google Scholar , 28 O'Brien T.F. The global epidemic nature of antimicrobial resistance and the need to monitor and manage it locally. Clin Infect Dis. 1997; 24: S2 Crossref PubMed Google Scholar , 29 Qadri S.M.H. Kroschinsky R. Cunha B.A. Antimicrobial resistance of clinical isolates in Saudi Arabia and the USA. Curr Ther Res. 1990; 47: 130 Google Scholar , 30 Qadri S.M.H. Cunha B.A. Domenico P. Activity of cefepime against nosocomial bacteremia blood culture isolates. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1995; 36: 531 Crossref PubMed Scopus (10) Google Scholar , 31 Qadri S.M.H. Ueno Y. Cunha B.A. Susceptibility of clinical isolates to expanded spectrum β-lactams alone and in the presence of β-lactamase inhibitors. Chemotherapy. 1996; 42: 334 Crossref PubMed Scopus (12) Google Scholar , 36 Shea K.W. Ueno Y. Abumustafa F. et al. Doxycycline activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae.. Chest. 1995; 107: 1775 Crossref Scopus (26) Google Scholar , 40 Tenover F.C. McGowan Jr, J.E. Reasons for the emergence of antibiotic resistance. Am J Med Sci. 1996; 311: 9 Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (112) Google Scholar" @default.
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• W20220848 title "ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE" @default.
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