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• W2022109775 abstract "The diverse effects of histamine on immune regulation appear to be due to differential expression and regulation of four types of histamine receptors and their distinct intracellular signals. The differences in cellular expression and affinities of these receptors for histamine determine the biological effects of histamine and the drugs that target histamine receptors. In this issue, Dijkstra et al., demonstrate the expression and some of the functions of histamine H4 receptors on inflammatory dendritic cells in atopic dermatitis skin. The diverse effects of histamine on immune regulation appear to be due to differential expression and regulation of four types of histamine receptors and their distinct intracellular signals. The differences in cellular expression and affinities of these receptors for histamine determine the biological effects of histamine and the drugs that target histamine receptors. In this issue, Dijkstra et al., demonstrate the expression and some of the functions of histamine H4 receptors on inflammatory dendritic cells in atopic dermatitis skin. Histamine is synthesized from L-histidine exclusively by histidine decarboxylase, an enzyme expressed in cells throughout the body, including central nervous system neurons, gastric mucosa parietal cells, mast cells, and basophils (Jutel et al., 2002Jutel M. Watanabe T. Akdis M. Blaser K. Akdis C.A. Immune regulation by histamine.Curr Opin Immunol. 2002; 14: 735-740Crossref PubMed Scopus (199) Google Scholar; Akdis and Simons, 2006Akdis C.A. Simons F.E. Histamine receptors are hot in immunopharmacology.Eur J Pharmacol. 2006; 533: 69-76Crossref PubMed Scopus (193) Google Scholar). Although contrasting findings have been reported, the histamine H1-receptor (H1R) stimulates cells of the immune system by potentiating their proinflammatory activity through increased migration to areas of inflammation, as well as by increasing their effector function. The histamine H2-receptor (H2R), on the other hand, appears to be a potent suppressor of inflammatory and effector function. Histamine modulates neurotransmitter release through presynaptic histamine H3-receptors (H3R) located on histaminergic and nonhistaminergic neurons in the central and peripheral nervous systems, and it facilitates several proinflammatory activities through the novel histamine H4-receptor (H4R). Differences in cellular expression and affinities of these receptors for histamine determine the biological effects of histamine and the drugs that target histamine receptors. H1R and H2R have a low affinity in the micromolar range, whereas H3R and H4R are high-affinity histamine receptors, with affinities of 5–10 nM (Akdis and Simons, 2006Akdis C.A. Simons F.E. Histamine receptors are hot in immunopharmacology.Eur J Pharmacol. 2006; 533: 69-76Crossref PubMed Scopus (193) Google Scholar; Thurmond et al., 2008Thurmond R.L. Gelfand E.W. Dunford P.J. The role of histamine H1 and H4 receptors in allergic inflammation: the search for new antihistamines.Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2008; 7: 41-53Crossref PubMed Scopus (443) Google Scholar). Histamine contributes to the progression of allergic-inflammatory responses by enhancing the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1α, IL-1β, and IL-6, as well as chemokines such as RANTES and IL-8, by several cell types and in local tissues (Meretey et al., 1991Meretey K. Falus A. Taga T. Kishimoto T. Histamine influences the expression of the interleukin-6 receptor on human lymphoid, monocytoid and hepatoma cell lines.Agents Actions. 1991; 33: 189-191Crossref PubMed Scopus (44) Google Scholar; Vannier and Dinarello, 1993Vannier E. Dinarello C.A. Histamine enhances interleukin (IL)-1-induced IL-1 gene expression and protein synthesis via H2 receptors in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Comparison with IL-1 receptor antagonist.J Clin Invest. 1993; 92: 281-287Crossref PubMed Scopus (83) Google Scholar; Jeannin et al., 1994Jeannin P. Delneste Y. Gosset P. Molet S. Lassalle P. Hamid Q. et al.Histamine induces interleukin-8 secretion by endothelial cells.Blood. 1994; 84: 2229-2233Crossref PubMed Google Scholar; Bayram et al., 1999Bayram H. Devalia J.L. Khair O.A. Abdelaziz M.M. Sapsford R.J. Czarlewski W. et al.Effect of loratadine on nitrogen dioxide-induced changes in electrical resistance and release of inflammatory mediators from cultured human bronchial epithelial cells.J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1999; 104: 93-99Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (54) Google Scholar). Histamine possesses all the properties of a classic leukocyte chemoattractant, including agonist-induced actin polymerization, mobilization of intracellular calcium, alterations in cell shape, and upregulation of adhesion molecule expression. Histamine induces the CC chemokines, monocyte chemotactic proteins 1 and 3, RANTES, and eotaxin in explant cultures of human nasal mucosa via H1R, suggesting a prolonged inflammatory cycle in allergic rhinitis between the cells that release histamine and their enhanced migration to nasal mucosa (Fujikura et al., 2001Fujikura T. Shimosawa T. Yakuo I. Regulatory effect of histamine H1 receptor antagonist on the expression of messenger RNA encoding CC chemokines in the human nasal mucosa.J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2001; 107: 123-128Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (39) Google Scholar). In an allergen-induced lung-inflammation model in mice, allergen-specific wild-type but not H1R-deficient CD4+ T cells were recruited to the lungs of naive recipients following inhaled allergen challenge (Bryce et al., 2006Bryce P.J. Mathias C.B. Harrison K.L. Watanabe T. Geha R.S. Oettgen H.C. The H1 histamine receptor regulates allergic lung responses.J Clin Invest. 2006; 116: 1624-1632Crossref PubMed Scopus (105) Google Scholar). Histamine exerts a range of effects on many physiologic and pathologic processes, and new roles are still being discovered. In lesional skin of patients with atopic dermatitis (AD), a special DC type—the inflammatory dendritic epidermal cell (IDEC)—is characterized by the expression of both the low-affinity IgE receptor (CD23, FcεRII) and the high-affinity IgE receptor (FcεRI) (Wollenberg and Klein, 2007Wollenberg A. Klein E. Current aspects of innate and adaptive immunity in atopic dermatitis.Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2007; 33: 35-44Crossref PubMed Scopus (44) Google Scholar). These cells disappear with successful topical treatment of the skin. Because of the importance of IDECs in the pathogenesis of AD and a possible interaction of histamine and IDECs in lesions of AD, (Dijkstra et al., 2008Dijkstra D. Stark H. Chazot P.L. Shenton F.C. Leurs R. Werfel T. et al.Human inflammatory dendritic epidermal cells express a functional histamine H4 receptor.J Invest Dermatol. 2008; 128: 1696-1703Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (94) Google Scholar, this issue) investigated the expression and function of H4R on IDECs. The authors demonstrate that skin IDECs express H4R at the protein level, as shown by flow cytometry of epidermal cell suspensions and immunofluorescence staining of skin sections from lesional skin of AD patients. The expression of H4R on monocyte-derived IDECs was upregulated by interferon-γ, but not by IL-4, tumor necrosis factor-α, poly I:C, or combinations of these, thus demonstrating that H4R has a role in a T helper 1 (Th1)–related cytokine environment in the skin. Previously, high CCL2 levels have been linked to Th2 responses. The upregulation of H4R by IFN-γ, together with the downregulation of CCL2 by H4R agonists, suggests, a role for H4R in Th1 responses. It has been demonstrated that differential patterns of histamine receptor expression on Th1 and Th2 cells determine reciprocal T-cell responses following histamine stimulation (Jutel et al., 2001Jutel M. Watanabe T. Klunker S. Akdis M. Thomet O.A. Malolepszy J. et al.Histamine regulates T-cell and antibody responses by differential expression of H1 and H2 receptors.Nature. 2001; 413: 420-425Crossref PubMed Scopus (485) Google Scholar). Th1 cells show predominant, but not exclusive, expression of H1R, whereas Th2 cells show increased expression of H2R. Histamine enhances Th1-type responses by triggering H1R, whereas both Th1- and Th2-type responses are negatively regulated by H2R (Jutel et al., 2001Jutel M. Watanabe T. Klunker S. Akdis M. Thomet O.A. Malolepszy J. et al.Histamine regulates T-cell and antibody responses by differential expression of H1 and H2 receptors.Nature. 2001; 413: 420-425Crossref PubMed Scopus (485) Google Scholar). The work of Dijkstra et al. suggests that downregulation of CCL2 and upregulation of IFN-γ by H4R may contribute to the shift from a Th2 to a Th1 milieu, as seen in the transition from acute to chronic lesions of AD (Dijkstra et al., 2008Dijkstra D. Stark H. Chazot P.L. Shenton F.C. Leurs R. Werfel T. et al.Human inflammatory dendritic epidermal cells express a functional histamine H4 receptor.J Invest Dermatol. 2008; 128: 1696-1703Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (94) Google Scholar). It seems that H1R and H4R synergize in this process, in which the upregulation of IFN-γ in T cells leads to keratinocyte apoptosis and eczema formation in AD (Trautmann et al., 2000Trautmann A. Akdis M. Kleeman D. Altznauer F. Simon H.-U. Graeve T. et al.T cell-mediated Fas-induced keratinocyte apoptosis plays a key pathogenetic role in eczematous dermatitis.J Clin Invest. 2000; 106: 25-35Crossref PubMed Scopus (346) Google Scholar). Histamine participates in activating dendritic cell precursors, as well as both immature and mature forms. Dendritic cells express all four histamine receptors (Caron et al., 2001aCaron G. Delneste Y. Roelandts E. Duez C. Bonnefoy J.Y. Pestel J. et al.Histamine polarizes human dendritic cells into Th2 cell-promoting effector dendritic cells.J Immunol. 2001; 167: 3682-3686Crossref PubMed Scopus (233) Google Scholar; Gutzmer et al., 2002Gutzmer R. Langer K. Lisewski M. Mommert S. Rieckborn D. Kapp A. et al.Expression and function of histamine receptors 1 and 2 on human monocyte-derived dendritic cells.J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2002; 109: 524-531Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (77) Google Scholar; Idzko et al., 2002Idzko M. la Sala A. Ferrari D. Panther E. Herouy Y. Dichmann S. et al.Expression and function of histamine receptors in human monocyte-derived dendritic cells.J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2002; 109: 839-846Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (131) Google Scholar). Some H4R-mediated effects of histamine on antigen-presenting cells have been previously demonstrated by the same group, for example, IL-12 downregulation in human Mo-DCs (Gutzmer et al., 2005Gutzmer R. Diestel C. Mommert S. Kother B. Stark H. Wittmann M. et al.Histamine H4 receptor stimulation suppresses IL-12p70 production and mediates chemotaxis in human monocyte-derived dendritic cells.J Immunol. 2005; 174: 5224-5232Crossref PubMed Scopus (200) Google Scholar) and CCL2 downregulation in human monocytes (Dijkstra et al., 2007Dijkstra D. Leurs R. Chazot P. Shenton F.C. Stark H. Werfel T. et al.Histamine downregulates monocyte CCL2 production through the histamine H4 receptor.J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007; 120: 300-307Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (110) Google Scholar). Endogenous histamine is actively synthesized during cytokine-induced dendritic cell differentiation (Szeberenyi et al., 2001Szeberenyi J.B. Pallinger E. Zsinko M. Pos Z. Rothe G. Orso E. et al.Inhibition of effects of endogenously synthesized histamine disturbs in vitro human dendritic cell differentiation.Immunol Lett. 2001; 76: 175-182Crossref PubMed Scopus (78) Google Scholar). Dendritic cells mature from monocytic and lymphoid precursors and acquire dendritic cell 1 and 2 phenotypes, which in turn facilitate the development of Th1 and Th2 cells, respectively. In the differentiation process of monocyte-derived dendritic cells, H1R and H3R act as positive stimulants that increase antigen-presentation capacity and Th1 priming activity. In contrast, H2R acts as a suppressive molecule for antigen presentation, enhancing IL-10 production and inducing IL-10-producing T cells or Th2 cells (van der Pouw Kraan et al., 1998van der Pouw Kraan T.C. Snijders A. Boeije L.C. de Groot E.R. Alewijnse A.E. Leurs R. et al.Histamine inhibits the production of interleukin-12 through interaction with H2 receptors.J Clin Invest. 1998; 102: 1866-1873Crossref PubMed Scopus (187) Google Scholar; Mazzoni et al., 2001Mazzoni A. Young H.A. Spitzer J.H. Visintin A. Segal D.M. Histamine regulates cytokine production in maturing dendritic cells, resulting in altered T cell polarization.J Clin Invest. 2001; 108: 1865-1873Crossref PubMed Scopus (302) Google Scholar; Caron et al., 2001bCaron G. Delneste Y. Roelandts E. Duez C. Herbault N. Magistrelli G. et al.Histamine induces CD86 expression and chemokine production by human immature dendritic cells.J Immunol. 2001; 166: 6000-6006Crossref PubMed Scopus (140) Google Scholar). Maturation of dendritic cells results in the loss of these responses. In maturing dendritic cells, however, histamine dose-dependently increases intracellular cAMP levels and stimulates IL-10 secretion, while inhibiting production of IL-12 via H2R (Mazzoni et al., 2001Mazzoni A. Young H.A. Spitzer J.H. Visintin A. Segal D.M. Histamine regulates cytokine production in maturing dendritic cells, resulting in altered T cell polarization.J Clin Invest. 2001; 108: 1865-1873Crossref PubMed Scopus (302) Google Scholar). Interestingly, although human monocyte-derived dendritic cells express both H1R and H2R and can induce CD86 expression by histamine, human epidermal Langerhans cells express neither H1R nor H2R, mainly because of the effect of transforming growth factor-β (Ohtani et al., 2003Ohtani T. Aiba S. Mizuashi M. Mollah Z.U. Nakagawa S. Tagami H. H1 and H2 histamine receptors are absent on Langerhans cells and present on dermal dendritic cells.J Invest Dermatol. 2003; 121: 1073-1079Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (31) Google Scholar).Four histamine receptors have unique roles Four histamine receptors have unique roles In conclusion, the immune regulatory functions of histamine are exciting and important, and new data are emerging. Histamine and the four histamine receptors constitute a multifaceted system, with distinct functions of receptor types due to their differential expression, which changes according to the stage of cell differentiation with influence from the microenvironment. New data on the novel functions of H4R have opened an exciting new window and may lead to new understanding and novel therapies to treat allergic and other inflammatory diseases. The author states no conflict of interest. The author's laboratory is supported by the Swiss National Foundation Grant 32-118226, the Global Allergy and Asthma European Network (GA2LEN), and the Saurer Foundation, Zurich." @default.
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• W2022109775 title "Immune Regulation by Histamine H4 Receptors in Skin" @default.
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