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- W2022177344 abstract "The purpose of this systematic review is to assess the evidence behind the dietary requirement of protein and to assess the health effects of varying protein intake in healthy adults. The literature search covered the years 2000–2011. Prospective cohort, case-control, and intervention studies were included. Out of a total of 5,718 abstracts, 412 full papers were identified as potentially relevant, and after careful scrutiny, 64 papers were quality graded as A (highest), B, or C. The grade of evidence was classified as convincing, probable, suggestive or inconclusive. The evidence is assessed as: probable for an estimated average requirement of 0.66 g good-quality protein/kg body weight (BW)/day based on nitrogen balance studies, suggestive for a relationship between increased all-cause mortality risk and long-term low-carbohydrate–high-protein (LCHP) diets; but inconclusive for a relationship between all-cause mortality risk and protein intake per se; suggestive for an inverse relationship between cardiovascular mortality and vegetable protein intake; inconclusive for relationships between cancer mortality and cancer diseases, respectively, and protein intake; inconclusive for a relationship between cardiovascular diseases and total protein intake; suggestive for an inverse relationship between blood pressure (BP) and vegetable protein; probable to convincing for an inverse relationship between soya protein intake and LDL cholesterol; inconclusive for a relationship between protein intake and bone health, energy intake, BW control, body composition, renal function, and risk of kidney stones, respectively; suggestive for a relationship between increased risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and long-term LCHP-high-fat diets; inconclusive for impact of physical training on protein requirement; and suggestive for effect of physical training on whole-body protein retention. In conclusion, the evidence is assessed as probable regarding the estimated requirement based on nitrogen balance studies, and suggestive to inconclusive for protein intake and mortality and morbidity. Vegetable protein intake was associated with decreased risk in many studies. Potentially adverse effects of a protein intake exceeding 20–23 E% remain to be investigated. Keywords: protein requirement; nitrogen balance; animal protein; vegetable protein; mortality; chronic disease; Nordic nutrition recommendations (Published: 30 July 2013) Citation: Food & Nutrition Research 2013. 57: 21245 - http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/fnr.v57i0.21245 Access the supplementary material to this article – see Supplementary files under Article Tools online. Special Issue: This paper is part of the Nordic Nutrition Recommendations - The NNR5 project. More papers from this issue can be found at http://www.foodandnutritionresearch.net" @default.
- W2022177344 created "2016-06-24" @default.
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- W2022177344 date "2013-01-01" @default.
- W2022177344 modified "2023-10-16" @default.
- W2022177344 title "Health effects of protein intake in healthy adults: a systematic literature review" @default.
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- W2022177344 doi "https://doi.org/10.3402/fnr.v57i0.21245" @default.
- W2022177344 hasPubMedCentralId "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/3730112" @default.
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