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• W2022292568 abstract "Spy1A is a cyclin-like protein required for progression through the G1/S phase of the cell cycle. Elevated Spy1A protein levels have been implicated in tumorigenesis and are attributed to overriding the DNA damage response and enhancing cell proliferation. Understanding how Spy1A is produced and degraded is essential in resolving how it contributes to normal and abnormal growth processes. Herein, we demonstrate that Spy1A is degraded in a cell cycle-dependent manner during mitosis via the ubiquitin-proteasome system. We have resolved the E3 ligase and essential phosphorylation sites mediating Spy1A degradation. Furthermore, we have determined that non-degradable forms of Spy1A do not trigger cell cycle arrest but, rather, contribute to uncontrolled cell growth. Further investigation into the regulation of Spy1A may reveal novel strategies for understanding the etiology and progression of specific growth disorders. Spy1A is a cyclin-like protein required for progression through the G1/S phase of the cell cycle. Elevated Spy1A protein levels have been implicated in tumorigenesis and are attributed to overriding the DNA damage response and enhancing cell proliferation. Understanding how Spy1A is produced and degraded is essential in resolving how it contributes to normal and abnormal growth processes. Herein, we demonstrate that Spy1A is degraded in a cell cycle-dependent manner during mitosis via the ubiquitin-proteasome system. We have resolved the E3 ligase and essential phosphorylation sites mediating Spy1A degradation. Furthermore, we have determined that non-degradable forms of Spy1A do not trigger cell cycle arrest but, rather, contribute to uncontrolled cell growth. Further investigation into the regulation of Spy1A may reveal novel strategies for understanding the etiology and progression of specific growth disorders. Members of the Speedy/RINGO family are unique cyclin-like regulators of the cell division cycle. There are now five members characterized in mammals exhibiting distinct tissue expression patterns and functional specificity (1Cheng A. Xiong W. Ferrell Jr., J.E. Solomon M.J. Cell Cycle.. 2005; 4: 155-165Google Scholar). The originally characterized family member Spy1A1, herein referred to as Spy1A, is expressed constitutively in most human tissues; it shortens the G1/S transition through activation of cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) 4The abbreviations used are: CDK, cyclin-dependent kinase; E3, ubiquitin-protein isopeptide ligase; HA, hemagglutinin; si-, small interfering; Ub, ubiquitin; Nedd4, neuronal precursor cell-expressed developmentally down-regulated-4; DM, deletion mutant; LLNL, N-acetyl-l-leucyl-l-leucyl-l-norleucinal; wt, wild type; BES, N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-aminotehane sulfonic acid. and is essential for cell proliferation to occur (2Porter L.A. Dellinger R.W. Tynan J.A. Barnes E.A. Kong M. Lenormand J.L. Donoghue D.J. J. Cell Biol... 2002; 157: 357-366Google Scholar). Activation of CDKs by Spy1/RINGO proteins is thought to occur in an atypical fashion, independent of cyclin binding and in the absence of CDK phosphorylation within the T-loop (3Karaiskou A. Perez L.H. Ferby I. Ozon R. Jessus C. Nebreda A.R. J. Biol. Chem... 2001; 276: 36028-36034Google Scholar). Spy1A can also act in a unique fashion to prevent inhibition of CDK2 by p27Kip1 (p27); this occurs through direct interactions with the p27 protein and results in enhanced degradation of p27 (4Porter L.A. Kong M. Donoghue D.J. Mol. Biol. Cell.. 2003; 14: 3664-3674Google Scholar, 5McAndrew C.W. Gastwirt R.F. Meyer A.N. Porter L.A. Donoghue D.J. Cell Cycle.. 2007; 6: 1937-1945Google Scholar). At a cellular level Spy1A also plays a role in the DNA damage response, functioning to enhance cell survival and promote cell proliferation in lieu of apoptosis (6Barnes E.A. Porter L.A. Lenormand J.L. Dellinger R.W. Donoghue D.J. Cancer Res... 2003; 63: 3701-3707Google Scholar, 7Gastwirt R.F. Slavin D.A. McAndrew C.W. Donoghue D.J. J. Biol. Chem... 2006; 281: 35425-35435Google Scholar). Our laboratory and others have demonstrated that Spy1A is capable of promoting precocious development and tumorigenesis in the mammary gland and that Spy1A protein levels are implicated in invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast (8Zucchi I. Mento E. Kuznetsov V.A. Scotti M. Valsecchi V. Simionati B. Vicinanza E. Valle G. Pilotti S. Reinbold R. Vezzoni P. Albertini A. Dulbecco R. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A... 2004; 101: 18147-18152Google Scholar, 9Golipour A. Myers D. Seagroves T. Murphy D. Evan G.I. Donoghue D.J. Moorehead R.A. Porter L.A. Cancer Res... 2008; 68: 3591-3600Google Scholar). Hence, determining how Spy1A protein levels are regulated may reveal novel information regarding the dynamics of cell cycle control during normal and abnormal growth conditions. In mammals Spy1A mRNA is known to be up-regulated during G1/S; however, regulation at the protein level has not been studied (2Porter L.A. Dellinger R.W. Tynan J.A. Barnes E.A. Kong M. Lenormand J.L. Donoghue D.J. J. Cell Biol... 2002; 157: 357-366Google Scholar). The Xenopus homologue of Spy1A, X-Spy1, has been shown to undergo steps of proteasome-dependent processing and degradation in a manner dependent on the initiation and progression of meiotic events (10Gutierrez G.J. Vogtlin A. Castro A. Ferby I. Salvagiotto G. Ronai Z. Lorca T. Nebreda A.R. Nat. Cell Biol... 2006; 8: 1084-1094Google Scholar). Degradation of X-Spy1 occurs after meiosis I and is mediated by the ubiquitin ligase Siah-2; this depends on phosphorylation of X-Spy1 on a C-terminal residue Ser-243 (10Gutierrez G.J. Vogtlin A. Castro A. Ferby I. Salvagiotto G. Ronai Z. Lorca T. Nebreda A.R. Nat. Cell Biol... 2006; 8: 1084-1094Google Scholar). Cyclin proteins in general are tightly regulated temporally and spatially through the cell cycle, controlled on a fundamental level by the ubiquitin-proteasome system. The ubiquitin-proteasome system is the primary mechanism involved in the selective degradation of intracellular and membrane-bound proteins, and aberrations in this critically important system are correlated to many diseases including cancer (11Chen C. Seth A.K. Aplin A.E. Mol. Cancer Res... 2006; 4: 695-707Google Scholar, 12Robinson P.A. Ardley H.C. J. Cell Sci... 2004; 117: 5191-5194Google Scholar). Ubiquitination involves the conjugation of ubiquitin to a substrate protein via a concerted effort from three classes of enzymes: the ubiquitin-activating enzyme E1, the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2, and the ubiquitin-protein ligase E3 (13Hershko A. Ciechanover A. Annu. Rev. Biochem... 1992; 61: 761-807Google Scholar). The E3 enzyme catalyzes the formation of a chain of ubiquitin molecules which then targets the substrate protein for degradation by the 26 S proteasome (12Robinson P.A. Ardley H.C. J. Cell Sci... 2004; 117: 5191-5194Google Scholar, 14Hershko A. Ciechanover A. Annu. Rev. Biochem... 1998; 67: 425-479Google Scholar, 15Shearwin-Whyatt L. Dalton H.E. Foot N. Kumar S. BioEssays.. 2006; 28: 617-628Google Scholar). Given the functional cyclin-like properties of Spy1A, it is a valid hypothesis that Spy1A may also be subject to a cell cycle-dependent ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis; however, whether the mammalian somatic cell cycle regulates this critical protein in the same manner as that seen during oocyte maturation in Xenopus warrants investigation. Herein we demonstrate that Spy1A is ubiquitinated and degraded during G2/M phase of the cell cycle. We have determined three key amino acids within the N-terminal region of Spy1A which are essential to support regulated degradation of the protein, and we have demonstrated that the C-terminal region, known to regulate X-Spy1 degradation, is dispensable for degradation of the mammalian homologue. We have resolved that the E3 ligase neuronal precursor cell-expressed developmentally down-regulated-4 (Nedd4) is capable of binding to Spy1A and that dominant negative forms and knockdown of Nedd4 reduce ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of Spy1A. Furthermore, we show that non-degradable forms of Spy1A do not trigger intrinsic cell cycle checkpoints but, rather, promote cell proliferation; demonstration that this mechanism may contribute to tumorigenesis. Cell Culture—Human mammary breast cancer cells, MCF7 (ATCC), and human embryonic kidney cells, HEK293 (293; ATCC), were maintained in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (Sigma) containing 2 mm l-glutamine (Sigma), penicillin, and streptomycin (Invitrogen) and were cultured in a 5% CO2 environment. MCF7 cells were supplemented with 10% (v/v) fetal calf serum (Sigma), and 293 cells were supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum. Plasmids and Mutagenesis—The Nedd4-PCEP plasmid (Nedd4), dominant negative Nedd4-PCEP plasmid (Nedd4DN), and empty vector control (PCEP) were provided by Dr. Dale S. Haines (Temple University School of Medicine). HA-tagged ubiquitin (HA-Ub) was provided by Dr. Sylvain Meloche (Université de Montréal). siRNA against Nedd4-1 was synthesized by inserting the oligo 5′-GATGAAGCCACCATGTATA into the pSUPER-basic vector, as previously described (16Pak Y. Glowacka W.K. Bruce M.C. Pham N. Rotin D. J. Cell Biol... 2006; 175: 631-645Google Scholar). As a control, LacZ siRNA (siCntl) was synthesized and inserted into pSUPER-basic vector as described (19Wang X. Trotman L.C. Koppie T. Alimonti A. Chen Z. Gao Z. Wang J. Erdjument-Bromage H. Tempst P. Cordon-Cardo C. Pandolfi P.P. Jiang X. Cell.. 2007; 128: 129-139Google Scholar). Creation of Myc-Spy1A-PCS3 vector was described previously (2Porter L.A. Dellinger R.W. Tynan J.A. Barnes E.A. Kong M. Lenormand J.L. Donoghue D.J. J. Cell Biol... 2002; 157: 357-366Google Scholar). QuikChange multi-site-directed mutagenesis (Stratagene) was used to incorporate new silent sites into the original Spy1-pJT0013 vector (2Porter L.A. Dellinger R.W. Tynan J.A. Barnes E.A. Kong M. Lenormand J.L. Donoghue D.J. J. Cell Biol... 2002; 157: 357-366Google Scholar) to facilitate the cloning of deletion mutants A (DMA), B (DMB), C (DMC), G (DMG), and Z (DMZ). A BglII site was inserted by altering nucleotide 256 from T to C using the primers A043 (5′-GACGATTTAATTCAAGATCTCTTGTGGATGGACTGCTGC-3′) and A044 (5′-GCAGCAGTCCATCCACAAGAGATCTTGAATTAAATCGTC-3′) to construct the pRA01 vector. Using the pRA01 plasmid, an Mlu site was also added by altering nucleotide 175 from C to G using A004 (5′-CAACAAATCTAAACGCGTCAAAGGACCTTGTCTGG-3′) and A005 (′-CCAGACAAGGTCCTTTGACGCGTTTAGATTTGTTG-3′) to make the vector pRA02. The pRS2 vector was constructed from Spy1-pJT0013 by creating an NdeI site just after the stop codon using the primers A045 (′-GTCTTGTGTCCATATGTGTTTTGTGGTGACCC-3′) and A046 (5′-GGGTCACCACAAAACACATATGGACACAAGAC-3′). The pRS1 vector was constructed by creating a MluI site in the Spy1-pJT0013 plasmid by altering nucleotide 175 from C to G using primers A004 (5′-CAACAAATCTAAACGCGTCAAAGGACCTTGTCTGG-3′) and A005 (5′-CCAGACAAGGTCCTTTGACGCGTTTAGATTTGTTG-3′). DMA was created by digesting wild-type Spy1A (in pRS1) with NdeI and MluI to remove the first 57 amino acids of the protein. DMB was created by digesting wild-type Spy1A (in pRA02) with MluI and BglII to remove 27 amino acids. Deletion mutant C was created by digesting wild-type Spy1A (in pRA01) with BglII and NcoI to remove 61 amino acids. Deletion mutant G was created by digesting wild-type Spy1A (in pJT0013) with NcoI and BbsI to remove 94 amino acids. Finally, DMZ was created by digesting wild-type Spy1A (in pRS1) with BbsI and NdeI to remove the last 47 amino acids. Gel electrophoresis of these digestions was run on a 1% agarose gel; the desired band was excised and gel-extracted (Bio Basics) for ligation using T4 DNA ligase (Fermentas). For all five deletion mutants, linkers containing a silent restriction site, PstI, and complementary sticky ends were designed, commercially synthesized (Sigma), annealed, and utilized in the ligations. In each case 20-μl ligation reactions were carried out at 22 °C for 2–4 h containing a 1:3 vector to linker ratio. Ligations were transformed into DH5α cells and selected for ampicillin resistance, mini-prepped, and digested with PstI (Fermentas) to detect the correct ligation. The five Spy1A deletion mutants (depicted in Fig. 3A), spanning the length of the gene, were moved from the pJT0013 into pCS3 using EcoRI and XbaI sites flanking the gene. Multi-site-directed mutagenesis was also carried out using the PCS3 vector to generate the Spy1A-T15A, Spy1A-T33A, Spy1A-S22A, and Spy1A-S247A mutants. Spy1A-T15A was designed using the primers A151 (5′-GAGACACCACCTACTGTCGCTGTTTATGTAAAATCAG-3′) and A152 (5′-CTGATTTTACATAAACAGCGACAGTAGGTGGTGTCTC-3′); Spy1A-T33A was designed using the primers A-153 (5′-CAGCCTAAAAAGCCCATTGCACTGAAGCGTCCTATTTG-3′) and A154 (5′-CAAATAGGACGCTTCAGTGCAATGGGCTTTTTAGGCTG-3′); Spy1A-S22A was designed using the primers A139 (5′-GTTTATGTAAAATCAGGGGCCAATAGATCACATCAGC-3′) and A140 (5′-CTGATGTGATCTATTGGCCCCTGATTTTACATAAAC-3); Spy1A-S247A was designed using the primers A143 (5′-GGATTGTCTTCATCATCAGCGTTATCCAGTCATACTGCAGGGGTG-3′) and A144 (5′-CACCCCTGCAGTATGACTGGATAACGCTGATGATGAAGACAATCC-3′). Successful cloning in all cases was determined by DNA sequencing (Robarts Sequencing Facility; University of Western Ontario). Inhibitors and Antibodies—The following antibodies were used: Spy1A (NB 100-2521; Novus), Nedd4 (ab14592; Abcam), Myc (9E10 and C19; Santa Cruz), HA (Y11 and F7; Santa Cruz), actin (MAB1501R; Chemicon), cyclin E (551157; BD Pharmingen), IgG (SC66186; Santa Cruz). The following inhibitors were used: N-acetyl-l-leucyl-l-leucyl-l-norleucinal (LLNL; Sigma A6060); MG132 (Sigma C2211); cyclohexamide (Sigma C7698); nocodazole (Sigma M1404), thymidine (Sigma T1895), and lactacystin (Boston Biochem I-116). Transfections—Calcium phosphate precipitation transfections were carried using 10–12 μg of DNA per 10-cm tissue culture plate. 250 μl of CaCl2 was incubated with the DNA for 30 s, 250 μl of 2 × BBS (50 mm BES, 280 mm NaCl, 1.5 mm NaHPO4) at pH 7.01 was added while vortexing, and the solution was incubated for 10 min. The mixture was added slowly to the cells and then incubated in 3% CO2 for 12–16 h. The medium was then changed, and plates were returned to 5% CO2 for at least 12 h before harvest. Cell Synchronization and Flow Cytometry—293 cells were synchronized using a double thymidine block. Briefly, cells were cultured in medium containing 2 mm thymidine for 16 h followed by release into normal medium for 8 h and then a second thymidine block for 14 h and then released into medium containing 70 ng/ml nocodazole (with or without 10 μm MG132 as indicated). MCF7 cells were synchronized by being cultured in a serum-free medium for 48 h followed by release into medium containing serum and 70 ng/ml nocodazole. 293 and MCF7 cells were trypsinized at specified times, washed twice in phosphate-buffered saline, and then either used immediately or fixed and stored at –20 °C. Fixation was carried out by resuspending cells at 2 × 106 cells in 1 ml of phosphate-buffered saline followed by slow addition of an equal amount of 100% ethanol. Within 1 week fixed cells were pelleted, washed, and resuspended in 300 μl of phosphate-buffered saline. Samples were then prepared for flow cytometry by treating with 1 μl of 10 mg/ml stock of DNase free RNase (Sigma) and 50μl of 500 mg/ml propidium iodide stock solution. Data were collected using a Beckman Coulter FC500 (Biology Department, University of Windsor), and cell cycle profiles were analyzed using CXP Beckman Coulter FC500 software. Immunoblotting—Cells were lysed in 0.1% Nonidet P-40 lysis buffer (0.1% Nonidet P-40, 1 m Tris, pH 7.5, 0.5 m EDTA, 5 m NaCl) containing protease inhibitors (100 μg/ml phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, 5 μg/ml aprotinin, 2 μg/ml leupeptin) for 30 min on ice. Bradford reagent was used to determine the protein concentration following the manufacturer's instructions (Sigma). Aliquots of lysates containing 20–30 μg of protein were subjected to electrophoresis on denaturing 10–12% SDS-polyacrylamide gels and transferred to Polyvinylidene Fluoride-Plus transfer membranes (Osmonics Inc.) for 2 h at 30 V using a wet transfer method. Blots were blocked for 2 h in Tris-buffered Tween containing 3% nonfat dry milk (blocker) at room temperature. Primary antibodies were reconstituted in blocker and incubated overnight at 4 °C at a 1:1000 dilution for all antibodies, and secondary antibodies were used at a 1:10,000 dilution in blocker for 1 h at room temperature. Blots were washed 3 times with Tris-buffered Tween after incubation with both the primary and secondary antibodies. Washes were 6 min each after the primary antibody and 10 min each after the secondary antibody. Chemiluminescent peroxidase substrate was used for visualization following the manufacturer's instructions (Pierce). Chemiluminescence was quantified on an Alpha Innotech HD2 (Fisher) using AlphaEase FC software. Immunoprecipitation reactions were carried out using equal amounts of protein (∼200 μg/ml) incubated with 2 μg of primary antisera as indicated overnight at 4 °C. This was followed by the addition of protein A-Sepharose (Sigma) and incubated at 4 °C with gentle rotation for an additional 2 h. Complexes were washed extensively with 0.1% Nonidet P-40 lysis buffer and resolved by 10% SDS-PAGE. In Vivo Labeling—293 cells were treated with 10 μm MG132 and 70 ng/ml nocodazole for 14 h followed by incubation in phosphate-free media for 2 h, and cells were labeled with [32P]orthophosphate (0.3 mCi/ml) (PerkinElmer Life Sciences) for 4 h at 37 °C. Cells were lysed and immunoprecipitated with Myc antisera. Immunoprecipitations were washed rigorously with Tris-buffered Tween, and samples were analyzed by 10% SDS page gel. Gels transferred to polyvinylidene difluoride membranes were visualized using Cyclone storage phosphor system and quantified using OptiQuant software (PerkinElmer and Biology Department, University of Windsor). In Vivo Ubiquitination Assays—293 cells were plated and transfected appropriately in a 100-mm dish. 24 h after transfection cells were treated with 10 μm MG132 for 14 h. Cells were then collected, pelleted by centrifugation, lysed in 200 μl of preboiled lysis buffer (50 mm Tris-HCl, pH 7.5, 0.5 mm EDTA, 1% SDS, and 1 mm dithiothreitol) and further boiled for an additional 10 min. Lysates were clarified by centrifugation at 13,000 rpm on a microcentrifuge for 10 min. Supernatant was diluted 10 times with 0.5% Nonidet P-40 buffer and immunoprecipitated with anti-Myc antibody. Immunoprecipitates were washed 3 times and resolved by 10% SDS-PAGE followed by immunoblotting with anti-HA antibody. Spy1A Protein Levels Are Regulated in a Cell Cycle-dependent Fashion—MCF7 and 293 cells were blocked in G1 using serum starvation and thymidine block procedures, respectively. Cells were released into serum, and nocodazole-containing media and populations enriched in G1 or G2/M phases of the cell cycle were collected as determined by flow cytometry analysis (Fig. 1, A and C). Cell lysates from the respective populations were immunoblotted for endogenous Spy1A expression (Fig. 1, B and D, upper panels). Cyclin E was utilized as a control for the cell cycle stage (Fig. 1B, middle panel), and actin was used as the loading control (Fig. 1, B and D, lower panels). These data demonstrate that Spy1A protein levels are greatly decreased during G2/M phase of the cell cycle and support that, like many important cell cycle proteins, Spy1A is tightly regulated in a cell cycle-dependent fashion. Spy1A Degradation Depends on Phosphorylation within the N-terminal Region—Using a panel of Spy1A deletion mutants (Fig. 2A), we began to narrow down the region within the Spy1A protein that was necessary for degradation. We first determined whether deletion of any of the regions of Spy1A would result in stabilization of the protein. 293 cells were transfected with wild-type Spy1A or deleted versions of the Spy1A protein, DMA-DMZ. Cells were synchronized at G2/M, and levels of Spy1A were monitored by immunoblotting (Fig. 2B; upper left panel). All deletion mutants of Spy1A were degraded by G2/M phase with the exception of the mutant lacking the first 57 amino acids (DMA). Asynchronous cells demonstrate that all deletion mutants were expressed (Fig. 2B; upper right panel). Collectively, these data demonstrate that the N-terminal region of Spy1A is essential to mediate degradation of the protein and that unlike the Xenopus homolog of Spy1 the C-terminal region is dispensable for degradation. Phosphorylation is often the key event regulating recognition of the substrate protein by the E3 (11Chen C. Seth A.K. Aplin A.E. Mol. Cancer Res... 2006; 4: 695-707Google Scholar). To determine whether deletion of the N-terminal region of Spy1A altered the phosphorylation status of the protein, orthophosphate labeling was performed on G2 populations of cells expressing either wild-type or Spy1A deleted of its N-terminal region (DMA) in the presence of MG132. Over three experiments a significant decrease in the incorporation of orthophosphate was repeatedly observed when the N-terminal region of Spy1A was deleted (Fig. 2C). From this information, we conclude that there is at least one phosphorylation site present within the N-terminal region of Spy1A that may play a significant role in regulating Spy1A stability. Spy1A Steady State Levels Are Proteasome-dependent—After determining the timing of Spy1A degradation during cell cycle progression, we set out to investigate the mechanism by which this occurs. To determine whether this mechanism was proteasome-dependent we studied 293 cells in the presence or absence of the proteasome inhibitors MG132, lactacystin, and the calpain inhibitor LLNL. Spy1A protein levels were significantly elevated in the presence of MG132 as well as lactacystin but not in the presence of the calpain inhibitor or the vehicle controls (Fig. 3A, upper panel; ETOH, vehicle for LLNL; DMSO, vehicle for MG132 and lactacystin). These data imply that Spy1A abundance is proteasome-dependent. 293 cells were then utilized for an in vivo ubiquitination assay where cells were transiently transfected with HA-Ub and Myc-tagged Spy1A (Myc-Spy1A) in the presence of MG132 followed by immunoprecipitation with α-Myc (Fig. 3B, lower panel). Immunoblotting with α-HA revealed that Spy1A was labeled with HA-ubiquitin in vivo (Fig. 3B, upper panel). The experiment was then repeated using endogenous Spy1A and immunoprecipitation with α-HA. Immunoblotting with α-Spy1A revealed that Spy1A was indeed labeled with HA-ubiquitin in vivo (Fig. 3C, upper panel). Collectively these results demonstrate that Spy1 protein levels are regulated via the ubiquitin-proteasome system. To determine whether the stability shown by DMA is due to lack of ubiquitination, 293 cells were utilized in an in vivo ubiquitination assay. Cells were transiently transfected with HA-Ub and either Myc-tagged Spy1A (Myc-Spy1A), DMA, or DMB in the presence of MG132 followed by immunoprecipitation with α-Myc (Fig. 3D, lower panel). Immunoblotting with α-HA revealed that Spy1A and TMB were labeled with HA-ubiquitin in vivo, whereas TMA was not. This result demonstrates that lack of ubiquitination is responsible for the stability of the N-terminal deletion of Spy1A. The E3 Ligase Nedd4 Regulates Spy1A Degradation—There are many different E3 ubiquitin ligase enzymes that are able to function in the ubiquitination pathway. To determine which E3 ligase functions in the degradation of Spy1A, a protein blast for the N-terminal region of Spy1A revealed a weak potential interaction region for WW domain containing proteins, PPXXXXY spanning from Pro-11 to Tyr-17 in the Spy1A sequence. Immunoprecipitation with endogenous Spy1A followed by Coomassie staining revealed a predominant band enriched in G2 populations of cells at ∼110–115 kDa (data not shown). It is known that the 114-kDa WW domain-containing ligase Nedd4 (product of neuronal precursor cell-expressed developmentally down-regulated gene 4), although preferring the canonical PPXY sequence, also binds to a variety of proline-rich regions with phosphorylated threonine or serine residues to trigger ubiquitination and subsequent degradation (15Shearwin-Whyatt L. Dalton H.E. Foot N. Kumar S. BioEssays.. 2006; 28: 617-628Google Scholar, 17Harvey K.F. Kumar S. Trends Cell Biol... 1999; 9: 166-169Google Scholar, 18Sutterluty H. Chatelain E. Marti A. Wirbelauer C. Senften M. Muller U. Krek W. Nat. Cell Biol... 1999; 1: 207-214Google Scholar). Because of this we investigated the potential role of Nedd4 in Spy1A degradation. Interestingly, Nedd4 is a family of conserved E3 ubiquitin ligases found to function as both proto-oncogenes as well as tumor suppressors. Nedd4 is known to mono-, di-, and polyubiquitinate its target proteins, where polyubiquitinated proteins are selectively targeted for degradation by the proteasome (19Wang X. Trotman L.C. Koppie T. Alimonti A. Chen Z. Gao Z. Wang J. Erdjument-Bromage H. Tempst P. Cordon-Cardo C. Pandolfi P.P. Jiang X. Cell.. 2007; 128: 129-139Google Scholar). Clarifying the biology of the Nedd4 family and relevant substrates may provide important information for tumorigenesis (19Wang X. Trotman L.C. Koppie T. Alimonti A. Chen Z. Gao Z. Wang J. Erdjument-Bromage H. Tempst P. Cordon-Cardo C. Pandolfi P.P. Jiang X. Cell.. 2007; 128: 129-139Google Scholar, 20Murdaca J. Treins C. Monthouel-Kartmann M.N. Pontier-Bres R. Kumar S. Van Obberghen E. Giorgetti-Peraldi S. J. Biol. Chem... 2004; 279: 26754-26761Google Scholar, 21Vecchione A. Marchese A. Henry P. Rotin D. Morrione A. Mol. Cell. Biol... 2003; 23: 3363-3372Google Scholar, 22Laine A. Ronai Z. Oncogene.. 2007; 26: 1477-1483Google Scholar, 23Rossi M. De Laurenzi V. Munarriz E. Green D.R. Liu Y.C. Vousden K.H. Cesareni G. Melino G. EMBO J.. 2005; 24: 836-848Google Scholar). Co-immunoprecipitation of lysates overexpressing exogenous Nedd4 as well as Myc-Spy1A in the presence of MG132 demonstrates that Nedd4 interacts with Spy1A in vivo (Fig. 4A). These results were then confirmed by using endogenous binding in two different cell lines 293 and NIH3T3 (Fig. 4B). To further investigate whether Nedd4 functions as a ubiquitin ligase for Spy1A, we repeated the co-immunoprecipitation experiment using overexpression of wild-type Nedd4 or dominant negative Nedd4 (Nedd4DN) in the presence of HA-Ub and MG132. Nedd4DN contains a single amino acid substitution that prevents the formation of a thioester bond with ubiquitin and, hence, renders Nedd4 inactive (12Robinson P.A. Ardley H.C. J. Cell Sci... 2004; 117: 5191-5194Google Scholar, 14Hershko A. Ciechanover A. Annu. Rev. Biochem... 1998; 67: 425-479Google Scholar, 15Shearwin-Whyatt L. Dalton H.E. Foot N. Kumar S. BioEssays.. 2006; 28: 617-628Google Scholar). Immunoblotting for Spy1A followed by quantification revealed that HA-Ub incorporation was significantly decreased in the presence of Nedd4DN (Fig. 4C). To further establish whether Nedd4-1 was required for both binding and degradation of Spy1A, 293 cells were transfected with either siNedd4 or an siRNA control (siLacZ; siCntl) followed by immunoblotting with α-Nedd4 (Fig. 4D, upper panel), α-Spy1A (Fig. 4D, middle panel, and α-actin (Fig. 4D, lower panel). Densitometry of detected bands over three separate experiments demonstrate that Spy1A protein levels accumulate when Nedd4 levels are reduced with siRNA. To examine the effect of knockdown of Nedd4-1 on Spy1A-Nedd4 binding, 293 lysates overexpressing Myc-Spy1A and either siNedd4 or siCntl were immunoprecipitated with α-Myc (Fig. 4E, left panels). Immunoblotting with α-Nedd4 shows that Nedd4-Spy1 binding was significantly reduced after knockdown of Nedd4-1 (Fig. 4E, upper panel). To assess the effect of Nedd4 on endogenous Spy1A, Nedd4 was transfected into 293 cells in the presence and absence of MG132, and endogenous levels of Spy1A were measured. Overall Spy1A protein levels were consistently decreased in 2 separate experiments by at least 20% when Nedd4 was transiently transfected in the absence of MG132 as compared with when MG132 was present (Fig. 4F). To confirm the effect of Nedd4DN and siNedd4 on Spy1 protein stability, Nedd4DN or siNedd4wt-Nedd4 and Myc-Spy1A were transfected into 293 cells. 12 h post-transfection cells were released, and at 16 h post-transfection 50 μg/ml cycloheximide was added to prevent de novo protein synthesis. Over three separate experiments immunoblotting for Spy1A followed by quantification showed that wt-Spy1 had a half-life of ∼1 h and that stability was decreased significantly in the presence of Nedd4 but was significantly more stable in the cells transfected with Nedd4DN and siNedd4 (Fig. 4, G and H). Collectively, these data demonstrate a novel relationship between two proteins previously implicated in tumorigenesis, Spy1A and Nedd4.FIGURE 4The E3 ligase Nedd4 regulates degradation of Spy1A. A, 293 cells were transfected with empty vectors (PCS3 or PCEP), Nedd4-PCEP (Nedd4), or Myc-Spy1A-PCS3 (Myc-Spy1A) and treated with MG132 for 14 h before harvest. α-Myc immunoprecipitations (IP) were immunoblotted (IB) withα-Nedd4 (upper panel) and α-Myc (lower panel). Lysates from NIH3T3 cells served as positive control for Nedd4 expression (+, lane 5). B, 293 and NIH3T3 cells were treated with 10 μm MG132 for 14 h, and lysates were immunoprecipitated with α-Nedd4 or α-IgG and immunoblotted with α-Spy1A (upper panel) or α-IgG (lower panel). C, 293 cells were transfected with empty vectors (PMT123 or PCEP), Nedd4-PCEP (Nedd4), HA Ub-PMT123 (HA-Ub), or Nedd4-PCEP dominant negative (Nedd4DN) and treated with MG132 for 14 h before harvest. α-HA immunoprecipitations were analyzed by immunoblotting for α-Spy1A (upper panel) and α-HA (middle panel). Lysates were used to demonstrate Nedd4/Nedd4DN transfection (lower blot). Densitometry of HA-Ub-Spy1A was performed and" @default.
• W2022292568 created "2016-06-24" @default.
• W2022292568 creator A5008503586 @default.
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