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• W2022740906 abstract "Abstract Anthropological studies of assisted reproduction and allied technologies offer new ways of understanding This paper follows those themes in the context of the Middle East, specifically Lebanon. The nearest equivalent to a word for in Arabic is arguably qarabah, or an important category within Islamic discourse: is also a useful term for approaching a broader set of thematic concerns in the region, including an interest in marriage. Here I explore these ideas and how they are refracted through the issues posed by new medical technologies and globalization. [Keywords: kinship, closeness, assisted reproduction, cousin Islam, Middle East, Lebanon] Biomedicine is a global enterprise, and many of its techniques and representations directly concern kinship-genetic notions of, and tests for, relatedness and new reproductive technologies such as in vitro fertilization, for instance. Anthropologists have found these themes fruitful. Studies of assisted reproduction and genetics in Europe and North America have become central to recent studies of kinship (Strathern 1992, Ragone 1994, Franklin 1997; to cite but a few examples of a now prolific literature). Such technologies and their attendant dilemmas are now a global phenomenon (lnhorn 2003), and anthropologists have begun to pursue these themes cross-culturally (e.g. Kahn 2000, Simpson 2004). In my own research, I have investigated Islamic Middle Eastern reactions to these new possibilities, and in particular, their implications for kinship thinking (Clarke 2005,2006 a, b, c, n.d. a, b), with a special interest in Islamic legal responses.1 I have pursued these themes through close reading of Islamic legal texts, as well as fieldwork with doctors, lawyers and religious specialists, for the most part in Lebanon, which has a lively fertility treatment sector (cf. lnhorn 2004a, 2006a) and is home to substantial Sunni and Shiite Muslim communities.2 While it is the reactions of Muslims and their religious specialists that are of particular interest to me, clearly Lebanon's plurality of religious communities (Christian and Muslim), along with its strong secular intellectual tradition and complex communitarian legal system, provide a particular context within which to debate these issues. Patients undergoing fertility treatment were, I should say, inaccessible to me: my discussions of the practice of assisted reproduction in Lebanon here are perforce drawn from my interviews with medical practitioners. Common issues-especially the ethical dilemmas of the use of donor gametes-are refracted through indigenous categories, local moral worlds as lnhorn (2003:21) puts it (after Kleinman 1995:45), resulting in often distinctive problems and solutions. Here I wish to focus on one, key, category: closeness (qarabah), perhaps the nearest equivalent in Arabic to the English kinship. is both a fairly tightly defined category of Islamic law and a more diffuse category in practice, and I begin with a brief sketch of both. It can further be seen as linked to and underpinning certain preoccupations reported across the Middle East and North Africa: the valorization of good relations with kin and others; the shared responsibility for a group's common public standing (honor); and the importance for that public standing of sexual morality, a highly gendered domain. These have in turn been viewed by some anthropologists as essential to the analysis of the interest in the region in marriage, particularly that with the patriparallel cousin, as I describe. Closeness, then, is not just a plausible translation of kinship. It is also a way of looking at and dealing with the world, an outlook that takes such relations seriously and gives them value. Closeness might seem opposed to the centrifugal forces of globalization, or perhaps one way of coping with them. In Lebanon and the wider Middle East, this way of seeing and talking about things has great resonance, running through kinship and gender relations, and giving certain characteristic emphases and choices to the language of kinship in everyday discourse and that of Islamic law. …" @default.
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• W2022740906 date "2007-01-01" @default.
• W2022740906 modified "2023-10-03" @default.
• W2022740906 title "Closeness in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction: Debating Kinship and Biomedicine in Lebanon and the Middle East" @default.
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• W2022740906 doi "https://doi.org/10.1353/anq.2007.0022" @default.
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