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• W2022779493 abstract "Aquatic and terrestrial animals metabolize foreign chemicals mainly by oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis and conjugation reactions catalyzed by various enzymes, predominantly localized in the liver, but also found in lower concentrations in other tissues. Xenobiotics are thus biotransformed via several different pathways to less toxic, more polar products which are then readily excreted by the liver, kidney or gill. Whereas biotransformation reactions normally result in detoxification, some chemicals also may be enzymatically converted to highly reactive, electrophilic metabolites (epoxides, free radicals, etc.) which may induce cytotoxic, teratogenic, mutagenic or carcinogenic effects through reaction with various cellular constituents. The initial biotransformation of a less toxic chemical to one or more reactive metabolites, a process commonly referred to as ‘metabolic activation’, is now recognized as an essential initial step for many chemically induced toxicities. The metabolic activation of many mutagens and carcinogens, for example, is primarily catalyzed by the cytochrome P-450-dependent mixed-function oxygenase system in the endoplasmic reticulum, with the formation of epoxides or other reactive species capable of covalently binding to nucleic acids or proteins. Whether or not a xenobiotic causes toxicity, is detoxified, or undergoes metabolic activation to more toxic products, depends not only on the chemical and physical properties of the xenobiotic and its metabolites, but also on the species, strain, age, and sex of the animal, the dose and route of exposure, and the effect of various environmental, nutritional and physiological factors." @default.
• W2022779493 created "2016-06-24" @default.
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• W2022779493 date "1988-01-01" @default.
• W2022779493 modified "2023-10-09" @default.
• W2022779493 title "The role of biotransformation in the toxicity of chemicals" @default.
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• W2022779493 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/0166-445x(88)90004-5" @default.
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