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• W2022804831 abstract "α1-Inhibitor 3 (α1I3) is a rodent-specific proteinase inhibitor of about 190 kDa belonging to the α2-macroglobulin family. It consists of five globular domains, three of which are connected by disulfide bridges, and contains an intramolecular thiol ester which can react with attacking proteinases. To explore the folding of newly synthesized α1I3, we have used rat hepatocytes and pulse-chase experiments. In one of the analyses, the radiolabeled protein was isolated from cell lysates by immunoprecipitation and its Asp-Pro bonds cleaved by treatment with formic acid. The size of the major fragment, as assessed by electrophoresis under nonreducing conditions, was found to increase from 100 to 150 kDa upon the chasing. This result, together with knowledge of the positions of the cleavage sites and the disulfide arrangement, indicates that one of the interdomain disulfide bonds is formed after the synthesis of the polypeptide. Analysis of the same material by limited proteolysis and by velocity centrifugation showed that the folded regions became larger and that the protein became more compact; the thiol ester was found to be formed after these conformational changes. These results suggest that the domains of α1I3 are only partially developed directly after the synthesis of the polypeptide and that they acquire their final structure as the protein condenses and the domains interact with one another. α1-Inhibitor 3 (α1I3) is a rodent-specific proteinase inhibitor of about 190 kDa belonging to the α2-macroglobulin family. It consists of five globular domains, three of which are connected by disulfide bridges, and contains an intramolecular thiol ester which can react with attacking proteinases. To explore the folding of newly synthesized α1I3, we have used rat hepatocytes and pulse-chase experiments. In one of the analyses, the radiolabeled protein was isolated from cell lysates by immunoprecipitation and its Asp-Pro bonds cleaved by treatment with formic acid. The size of the major fragment, as assessed by electrophoresis under nonreducing conditions, was found to increase from 100 to 150 kDa upon the chasing. This result, together with knowledge of the positions of the cleavage sites and the disulfide arrangement, indicates that one of the interdomain disulfide bonds is formed after the synthesis of the polypeptide. Analysis of the same material by limited proteolysis and by velocity centrifugation showed that the folded regions became larger and that the protein became more compact; the thiol ester was found to be formed after these conformational changes. These results suggest that the domains of α1I3 are only partially developed directly after the synthesis of the polypeptide and that they acquire their final structure as the protein condenses and the domains interact with one another. All proteins are synthesized as linear polypeptides which subsequently fold into their unique three-dimensional structure. Studies of the renaturation of isolated proteins have shown that the information required for proper folding of a nascent polypeptide resides in the amino acid sequence alone (Anfinsen, 1973). However, folding in a living cell is faster and more efficient because it is mediated by several proteins (Lorimer, 1992). So far, the in vivo folding of only a small number of proteins has been investigated in any detail, but the mechanisms of this process are presently the subject of intense studies (Jaenicke, 1991; Gething and Sambrook, 1992). Secretory proteins fold in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) 1The abbreviations used are: ERendoplasmic reticulumα1I3α1-inhibitor 3PAGEpolyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. where they also undergo various kinds of modifications (Hurtley and Helenius, 1989). In particular, most of these proteins acquire disulfide bonds, a reaction mediated by protein disulfide isomerase (Bulleid and Freedman, 1988), one of the most abundant proteins in the lumen of the ER (Freedman, 1984). The rate at which different proteins fold varies greatly; some acquire their final conformation more or less cotranslationally (Peters and Davidson, 1982), whereas others may require up to an hour (Lodish and Kong, 1991) facilitating analysis of the reaction. endoplasmic reticulum α1-inhibitor 3 polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In this study we have analyzed the folding of α1-inhibitor 3 (α1I3), a 180-200 kDa proteinase inhibitor secreted by rodent hepatocytes (Esnard and Gauthier, 1980; Geiger et al., 1987; Sjöberg et al., 1991). α1I3 shows sequence homology with α2-macroglobulin and the complement components 3 and 4 (Braciak et al., 1988; Sottrup-Jensen, 1989). All of these proteins have two characteristic features: they contain an intramolecular thiol ester and have a sequence which is particularly sensitive to proteolysis, the bait region (Esnard et al., 1985; Sottrup-Jensen et al., 1989). When the polypeptide is cleaved in the bait region, the protein undergoes a conformational change, and the thiol ester becomes exposed to the exterior (Sottrup-Jensen, 1989); in this position the thiol ester may react with hydroxyl or amino groups on adjacent proteins or carbohydrates forming a covalent link (Enghild et al., 1989). α1I3 appears to consist of five globular domains (Rubenstein et al., 1991), and electron microscopic analysis has revealed a ring-like structure (Ikai et al., 1990). In a previous study we found that some disulfides of α1I3 are formed after the synthesis of the polypeptide, indicating that part of the folding occurs posttranslationally (Sjöberg et al., 1991). In the present paper we have characterized this process further. Our results indicate that the newly synthesized protein undergoes a gross conformational change upon which the globular domains acquire their final structure. [35S]Methionine (>1000 Ci/mmol) and 14C-methylated molecular mass standards were purchased from Amersham International, Bucks., United Kingdom. Protein disulfide isomerase, which had been isolated from bovine liver, was kindly given to us by Margareta Ingelman (Biomedical Center University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden). Saponin was from E. Merck, Darmstadt, Federal Republic of Germany, and chymotrypsin A4 from Boehringer Mannheim. Rat hepatocytes were isolated and cultured in 60-mm dishes for 20-24 h as described (Sjöberg et al., 1991). The cells were labeled for 10 min with 50-80 μCi of [35S]methionine as described previously (Sjöberg et al., 1991). After different times of chasing, the plates were put on ice and the medium withdrawn. The cells were rinsed twice with 250 mM sucrose and twice with 50 mM sucrose, and 800 μl of the latter sucrose solution was added; all solutions contained 0.1 mMN-methylmaleimide. The cells were then scraped off the dishes, homogenized, and the homogenate was centrifuged at 1.6 × 103× g for 10 min. The supernatant was collected and mixed with 80 μl of a solution containing 200 g/liter Triton X-100, 2 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, 1 mMN-ethylmaleimide, and 20 mM iodoacetamide (solubilizing buffer). Normal rabbit IgG (5 μg), rabbit antibodies against human albumin (10 μg), or a rabbit serum against α1-microglobulin (1.5 μl) was added to all samples. After an overnight incubation at 4°C, 50 μl of a 10% (w/v) suspension of glutaraldehyde-fixed Staphylococcus aureus bacteria was added. The test tubes containing the mixtures were rotated end-over-end for 40-60 min, and the bacteria were removed by centrifugation. Then 1.5 μl of a rabbit serum against α1I3 was added. After 3-4 h the immunocomplexes were collected, treated with methylamine unless indicated, and analyzed as described previously (Sjöberg et al., 1991). The immunocomplexes were subjected to SDS-PAGE under reducing or nonreducing conditions on 10% polyacrylamide gels (Mini-PROTEAN II, Bio-Rad; 0.75-mm spacers). Gel strips containing the different lanes were cut out and soaked in 75% (v/v) formic acid for 3-4 h at room temperature essentially as described (Sonderegger et al., 1982). The acid was then removed and paraffin oil (0.88 g/ml) added. After incubation at 37°C for 18 h, the gel strips were soaked twice for 1 h in 250 mM Tris/HCl, pH 8.8, 5 g/liter SDS and twice for 1 h in 125 mM Tris/HCl, pH 6.8, 5 g/liter SDS, 20% glycerol. They were then placed on top of the stacking gel of a polyacrylamide gel (20 × 25 × 0.15 cm) with a 10-15% gel gradient. Finally, the gel strips were fixed by the addition of more stacking gel and running buffer containing 1.3 g/liter SDS added. The electrophoresis was run overnight at 7 mA. Immunocomplexes were collected as described above and limited proteolysis was performed essentially as described by Rubenstein et al.(1991). The washed S. aureus particles were suspended in 10 μl of a buffer containing 50 mM NaCl, 1 mM CaCl2, 100 mM β-propionitrile, 100 mM Tris/HCl, pH 7.4 and 0.1 mg/ml chymotrypsin. The samples were then incubated for 15 min at 37°C. The digestion was stopped by the addition of 1.5 μl of 200 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride and 25 μl of the sample buffer used for SDS-PAGE with or without a reducing agent was added. The mixtures were then heated for 3 min at 95°C and analyzed by SDS-PAGE. The cells in two dishes were pulse-labeled as described above and the cells in one dish were then chased for 20 min. After rinsing in phosphate-buffered saline, the cells were incubated for 60 min at +4°C with 1 ml of phosphate-buffered saline containing 1.0 mg/ml of saponin, 0.1 mMN-ethylmalemide, and 2 mM iodoacetamide on a rocking device; this treatment releases all secretory proteins from the ER (Wassler et al., 1987). The saponin extracts from both dishes were collected, mixed, and 400 μl was layered on a 5-30% (w/w) sucrose gradient containing 25 mM Hepes/NaOH, pH 7.4, 150 mM KCl, and 0.1 mMN-ethylmalemide. After centrifugation at 112 × 103× g for 32 h at 4°C, the bottom of the tube was punctured and 250-μl fractions collected. A sample containing aldolase was treated in the same way. The cells in two dishes were pulse-labeled, homogenized, and centrifuged as described above except that the sucrose-containing solutions lacked N-ethylmalemide and were supplemented with 10 mM Tris/HCl, pH 7.5. The resulting supernatant was aliquoted, frozen in liquid nitrogen, and stored at −70°C. After thawing, the sample was centrifuged in an Airfuge (Beckman) at maximum speed for 10 min. The supernatant was withdrawn and the pelleted membranes suspended to their original volume in a buffer containing 20 mM NaCl, 100 mM KCl, 5 mM MgCl2, 1.0 mM NaH2PO4, 25 mM Hepes, 2.0 mM EDTA, pH 7.4, with or without 10 mg/ml Triton X-100; this solution was degassed immediately before use. Where indicated, reduced and oxidized glutathione (both at a final concentration of 0.6 mM) and protein disulfide isomerase (1.7-2.0 mg/ml) were added to the reaction mixture; these additives constituted 10% of the final volume. After incubation for different times at 37°C, the reaction was stopped by the addition of a 10 times concentrate of the solubilizing buffer described earlier. The samples were stored at −70°C before electrophoretic analysis. Immunocomplexes were suspended in 35 μl of a solution containing 83 mM Tris/HCl, pH 8.0, 100 g/liter sucrose, 30 g/liter SDS, 0.1 g/liter bromphenol blue, and 4 mM EDTA and heated at 80°C for 60 min. Then 5 μl of 50 mM dithiothreitol was added, and the samples were heated at 95°C for 3 min. Most proteins migrate more rapidly upon SDS-PAGE in the oxidized than in the reduced form presumably, because the presence of disulfides makes the proteins more compact. α1I3 (in its secreted, mature form) is unusual in that it has a lower mobility under nonreducing than reducing conditions; the apparent molecular masses of secreted α1I3 upon SDS-PAGE in the absence and presence of a reducing agent are 210 and 184 kDa, respectively (Saito and Sinohara, 1985; Sjöberg et al., 1991). Examples of other proteins behaving in the same way are complement component 4 (Karp, 1983) and the insulin receptor (Olson et al., 1988). Apparently, the disulfides in these proteins are arranged in such a way that they disturb the SDS binding. Analysis of cellular α1I3 from a pulse-chase experiment by SDS-PAGE under nonreducing conditions shows that the mobility decreases stepwise (Fig. 1), the apparent molecular mass increasing from 162 to 210 kDa. Four different bands can be detected, denoted α and β1-β3 in Fig. 1, indicating that at least three new disulfides are formed posttranslationally. As α disappears, β1 and β2 appear, apparently simultaneously, and finally, β3 becomes the major band. Under reducing conditions, α and β1-β3 all have the same mobility, which is intermediate to those of α and β1 (Sjöberg et al., 1991). Thus, the mobility of pulse-labeled α1I3, in contrast to that of later forms, is higher under nonreducing than reducing conditions. This fact shows that at least one disulfide is formed cotranslationally. In our previous study, a substantial part of the radiolabeled α1I3 remained in the cells even after a prolonged chase (Sjöberg et al., 1991). We later found that the inefficiency of the secretion was due to the presence of cycloheximide which was added to stop further incorporation of the labeled amino acid; this drug was therefore not used in the present study. Fig. 2 shows the the domain structure as well as the disulfide arrangement of mature α1I3 as proposed by Rubenstein et al.(1991) and Braciack et al.(1988), respectively. To characterize the posttranslationally formed disulfide bonds of α1I3, we cleaved the radiolabeled protein at specific sites with formic acid and analyzed the products by SDS-PAGE under nonreducing conditions. The triangles in Fig. 2 indicate the positions of the amide bonds that are sensitive to treatment with formic acid, those between aspartyl and prolyl residues (Landon, 1977). Only two of the acid-sensitive bonds are located outside disulfide-linked cysteine residues, and these are both near the N terminus. Therefore, treatment of secreted α1I3 with formic acid followed by SDS-PAGE under nonreducing conditions should yield a relatively large fragment. It should be added here that cloning of cDNA for rat α1I3 has revealed that there are at least four different isoforms of this protein (Braciack et al., 1988). The complete nucleotide sequence is known for only one of them but the partial amino sequence obtained from proteolytic fragments of α1I3 isolated from serum (Rubenstein et al., 1991) indicates that this is the major form. For the experiment shown in Fig. 3A, α1I3 was isolated by immunoprecipitation from the medium of hepatocytes labeled with [35S]methionine or from a lysate of pulse-labeled cells. Coprecipitating proteins were then separated from α1I3 by electrophoresis in a short polyacrylamide gel. The gel strips containing the different electrophoretic lanes were cut out and treated with formic acid. They were then placed along the upper edge of an electrophoresis gel, and the protein fragments were separated. When the electrophoresis was performed under nonreducing conditions, secreted α1I3 (lane 1) yielded two major bands: the intact protein of 200 kDa and a 150-kDa fragment (arrow). Cellular, pulse-labeled α1I3 (lane 2) yielded both these fragments as well as smaller ones, in particular in the range 90-110 kDa (bracket). Under reducing conditions, identical fragments were obtained from both secreted and pulse-labeled α1I3 (lanes 3 and 4, respectively); the major bands had apparent molecular masses of about 95 and 55 kDa. As judged from the amino acid sequence of α1I3, the largest fragments formed by mild acid hydrolysis should be of 43 and 44 kDa (cf. Fig. 2). The presence of the 95 kDa band therefore implies that the cleavage reaction was incomplete; longer incubation was not beneficial, however, because it resulted in substantial loss of fragments. In a time course study we found that the relative amount of polypeptides larger than 110 kDa increased upon chasing (Fig. 3B); densitometric analysis showed that this amount increased from 38 to 86% during 40 min of chase, the half-maximal increase occurring after 10-20 min. Incompletely folded proteins are more sensitive to proteolytic degradation than mature ones, and a decrease in protease sensitivity can therefore be used as an indicator of folding (Scheele and Jacoby, 1982). To see if this technique would reveal conformational changes in α1I3, we isolated the protein by immunoprecipitation from cells that had been pulse-labeled and chased for different times and incubated it briefly with chymotrypsin; the protease inhibiting activity of α1I3 had been blocked by the addition of β-propionitrile (Rubenstein et al., 1991). The cleavage products were then detected by SDS-PAGE under reducing conditions. Since artifactual bands have been reported to occur with this technique, the results should be treated with some caution (Rüchel et al., 1974). With pulse-labeled α1I3 (Fig. 4; 0-min chase), three protease-resistant fragments of 77, 50, and 37 kDa were obtained. Upon chasing, the relative amount of the 77- and 50-kDa bands decreased and concurrently, polypeptides of 97, 89, 86/84, and 65 kDa appeared. Densitometric analysis of the fluorograms showed that the half-life of the former bands was 10-20 min. When α1I3 from the cell medium was treated with chymotrypsin under the same conditions, three major bands of 90, 69, and 43 kDa were formed (data not shown). We wished to see if the posttranslational folding of α1I3 could be detected also as a change in the sedimentation properties of the protein. A sample was therefore prepared containing both early and late forms of radioactively labeled α1I3 and subjected to velocity centrifugation. Fig. 5 shows that α1I3 of the β3 form sedimented faster than both the α and the β2 forms, suggesting that α1I3 becomes more spherical and/or compact shortly after its synthesis; the difference between the sedimentation coefficients of the slowest and fastest forms can be estimated to about one S unit. The binding of a small protein would also account for the increase in the sedimentation rate of α1I3. However, the fact that the sedimentation rate seemed to increase stepwise with time of chase makes this possibility unlikely. The sedimentation rate of the α form was similar to that of aldolase (data not shown), which has a sedimentation coefficient of 7.4 S (Stellwagen and Schachman, 1962); that of secreted α1I3 is 8.6 S (Esnard and Gauthier, 1980). To be able to biochemically analyze the process underlying the folding of α1I3, we attempted to obtain the reaction in a cell-free system. For this purpose, microsomes were prepared from pulse-labeled hepatocytes and incubated at 37°C for up to 30 min. α1I3 was then analyzed by SDS-PAGE under nonreducing conditions. Fig. 6 shows that within 15 min of incubation, the initial form of α1I3 (band α) had essentially disappeared, and the slowest migrating band (β3) had become the major form; the bands β1 and β2 appeared to be intermediates in this transition. As a result of the incubation, some immunoreactive material had formed that was too large to enter the separating gel (arrow), probably disulfide-linked aggregates of α1I3. Addition of the calcium ionophore A23187 (2 μM) and EGTA (1 mM) did not affect the reaction, showing that it was not dependent on Ca2+. To see whether the conformational change of α1I3 could also occur in free solution, we isolated microsomes from pulse-labeled cells, solubilized them with Triton X-100, and incubated at 37°C; predominantly the intermediate forms, β1 and β2, were formed (Fig. 6, TX). If, however, the medium was made less oxidizing by the addition of reduced and oxidized glutathione (both of 0.6 mM), a minor increase of β3 occurred (Fig. 6, TX+G); the calculated redox potential of this solution is −0.14 V (Hwang et al., 1992). Addition of protein disulfide isomerase to the incubation mixture (TX+G+PDI) enhanced the rate of transition several times, yielding band β3 as the end product. If thiol ester-containing proteins are heated under denaturing conditions, an amide bond adjacent to the thiol ester is cleaved (Harpel et al., 1979; Howard et al., 1980). When the secreted form of α1I3 is treated in such a way, analysis by SDS-PAGE yields two fragments of about 150 and 60 kDa (Esnard et al., 1985; Sjöberg et al., 1991) (see Fig. 7A, bands denoted b‘ and c‘). The cell samples in Fig. 7A show the time course for the formation of the thiol ester. As reported previously (Sjöberg et al., 1991), temperature-sensitive α1I3 appears with a lag of 10-30 min. The relative amount of cleaved α1I3 was lower in the cell than in the medium samples, indicating that the formation of the thiol ester occurs immediately before or upon secretion. Since our results showed that the thiol ester is formed after the disulfide bonds, we were interested to see if this structure would also form in a cell-free system. Fig. 7B shows that upon incubation of pulse-labeled microsomes, heat-sensitive α1I3 was rapidly formed; densitometric analysis of the fluorogram showed that the t of the reaction was about 15 min and that the maximum level was 25-35% of the total amount. When the microsomes were first solubilized and then incubated under the conditions that we had found to be optimal for the formation of the disulfides, the thiol ester was formed with the same efficiency as in the microsomes. In this study we obtained evidence that at least one of the interdomain disulfides of α1I3 is formed after the synthesis of the polypeptide. This conclusion is based on the analysis of pulse-chase experiments in which α1I3 was isolated by immunoprecipitation and cleaved with formic acid. Subsequent detection of the cleavage products by SDS-PAGE under nonreducing conditions showed that the size of the major fragment shifted from 100 to 150 kDa upon chasing (Fig. 3B). With the assumption that cleavage occurred at the same rate at all Gly-Pro bonds, the simplest explanation for this finding is that the disulfide that links domains III and IV (Fig. 2), and which spans half of the cleavage sites, is formed during the chase. Another method we used to monitor the folding of α1I3 is based on the observation that tightly folded regions or domains are more resistant to proteolytic degradation than extended polypeptide segments (Porter, 1959; Fontana et al., 1986). This method had earlier been used to identify the domains of mature, secreted α1I3 (Rubenstein et al. 1991; Fig. 2). In that investigation, the protein was isolated from rat serum and treated with increasing concentrations of chymotrypsin. The cleavage products were then separated by SDS-PAGE and the obtained polypeptide bands identified by amino acid sequencing. The initial cleavage products were two bands of about 100 kDa, which were found to be formed by scission of the bait region (see Fig. 2), the upper and lower bands representing the C- and N-terminal halves, respectively. At higher chymotrypsin concentrations, the C-terminal fragment gave rise to two bands of 64 and 43 kDa (domains IV and V, respectively; see Fig. 2). In the present study we found that when radiolabeled α1I3 from cells chased for 20 min or more was treated with a low concentration of chymotrypsin, three major fragments of 86/84, 65, and 37 kDa were obtained (Fig. 4). The similarity of the sizes of these fragments to those obtained from secreted α1I3 suggests that they represent the N-terminal half of the molecule and domains IV and V, respectively. (Intracellular forms usually have lower apparent molecular masses due to incomplete carbohydrate processing.) Chymotrypsin treatment of pulse-labeled α1I3 also yielded the 37-kDa band, but the other major fragments, of 77 and 50 kDa, were clearly different from those obtained from chased cells; however, comparison of the peptide patterns of the 77- and the 86/84-kDa fragments after cleavage with formic acid indicated that these fragments were partially identical. 2M. Wassler, F. Esnard, and E. Fries, unpublished observations. A simple explanation for these results is that the C-terminal region of α1I3 (domain V) is fully folded in the pulse-labeled protein, whereas the central region is not and is therefore partially degraded upon treatment with chymotrypsin. The 77- and 50-kDa fragments would then represent truncated forms of domains I-III and domain IV, respectively. Regardless of whether this interpretation is correct or not, our results show that the proteinase resistant regions become larger after the synthesis of the polypeptide. Furthermore, they indicate that the protein occurs in two distinct conformations, since the fragments of α1I3 obtained from pulse-labeled and chased cells were markedly different and there seemed to be no intermediates. Concurrent with the shift in the sizes of the proteinase-resistant fragments and the formation of new disulfides, α1I3 became more compact as shown by the fact that its sedimentation rate increased (Fig. 5). It is possible that these conformational changes reflect a transition from an open, extended structure to the ring-like shape of the mature protein (Ikai et al., 1990). We also found that these changes preceded the appearance of the thiol ester, suggesting that the formation of this structure requires an almost completely folded protein. This notion is supported by the finding that mutated forms of complement component 3, in which the thiol ester could not be formed because one of the necessary amino acid residues was missing, had a native-like conformation (Isaac and Isenman, 1992). When the bait region of α1I3 and related proteins is proteolytically cleaved, the thiol ester becomes exposed to the exterior of the molecule making linkage to proteases possible (Enghild et al., 1989). Simultaneously, the conformation of the C-terminal part changes so that the proteins will bind to cell surface receptors effecting their removal from the blood stream (Van Leuven et al., 1986; Law and Dodds, 1990). Under the electron microscope, α1I3 appears to consist of one large and two small elements forming an assymmetric ring; upon cleavage of the bait region, the molecule acquires a more open, C-like shape (Ikai et al., 1990). Presumably, the bait region is located in the larger, central domain, and upon cleavage, this part of the molecule changes its conformation so that the flanking structures are forced apart. Clearly, this reaction must require a close association between neighboring domains; the presence of interdomain disulfides (Fig. 2) indicates that this is indeed the case. The redox potential of the interior of the ER has been found to be intermediate between that of the cytoplasm and the extracellular space (Hwang et al., 1992). The physiological significance of this observation has been borne out by studies on the folding of proteins in cell-free systems which have shown that the formation of correct disulfides is optimal under weakly oxidizing conditions (Scheele and Jacoby, 1982; Huth et al., 1993; Lilie et al., 1994). Consistent with these observations, we found that when pulse-labeled α1I3 in free form was incubated in the presence of a mixture of reduced and oxidized glutathione, a substantial part of the protein acquired the correct disulfides as judged by its mobility upon SDS-PAGE under nonreducing conditions (Fig. 6, TX+G); under more oxidizing conditions, in the absence of glutathione, the formation of the disulfides was incomplete and/or incorrect (Fig. 6, TX). In agreement with previous studies on other proteins (Bulleid and Freedman, 1988; Huth et al., 1993; Creighton et al., 1993), we found that the efficiency of the folding reaction was greatly enhanced in the presence of protein disulfide isomerase (Fig. 6, TX+G+PDI); in addition to mediating the formation of disulfides, this protein may also act as a chaperone (Noiva and Lennarz, 1992). We also measured the formation of the thiol ester of α1I3 in the cell-free systems. This analysis showed that the in vitro folding was only partially complete (Fig. 7B). It is possible that this result is due to our incubation mixture being too oxidizing. This explanation is supported by the fact that the folding rate, as judged by the rate of disulfide formation, was higher in vitro than in vivo and that the redox potential of our incubation medium was higher (−0.14 V) than what has been reported to be optimal for other in vitro folding systems (−0.18 to −0.31 V; Huth et al. 1993; Marquardt et al., 1993). It should also be noted that in the living cell, the thiol ester formation is less efficient than the formation of the disulfides (cf. Figure 1:, Figure 2:, Figure 3:, Figure 4:, Figure 5:, Figure 6:, Figure 7:A). In summary, our results suggest that α1I3 directly after its synthesis has an only partially developed domain structure. It then undergoes a conformational change that appears to bring the domains together, whereby they acquire their final structure. Such an interactive folding process has previously been described for oligomeric proteins in which the conformation of the subunits has been found to change upon assembly (Huth et al., 1992; Hurtley and Helenius, 1989). We thank L. Liljas, I. Björk, and Ö. Zetterqvist for comments on the manuscript; A. Blom for help with the preparation of the figures; and M. Ingelman for a gift of protein disulfide isomerase." @default.
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• W2022804831 title "Posttranslational Folding of α1-Inhibitor 3" @default.
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