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• W2022861609 abstract "Reviewed by: Belabored Professions: Narratives of African American Working Womanhood April Langley Belabored Professions: Narratives of African American Working Womanhood. By Xiomara Santamarina. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2005. 240 pp. $45.00/$18.95 paper. Xiomara Santamarina's Belabored Professions: Narratives of African American Working Womanhood widens the frame of analysis for reading the lives and texts of nineteenth-century Black women. For the women in this study, Santamarina argues, work was not only a necessary economic condition, but also a desired performance and extension of their own self-worth and value in a society resistant to the notion of working women. Citing the working woman's complaint, this study skillfully beckons scholarly work forward toward its due diligence to class as it is performed through labor (x). Belabored Professions forces (indeed forges) a broader stroke in our analysis of the triple paradigm of race, class, and gender oppressions—dissecting consequences, challenges, and multivalent benefits for early African American women's cultural, commercial, and civic agency in their labor value. In chapter one, Race, Work, and Literary Authority in The Narrative of Sojourner Truth, Santamarina provides a radical reading of Truth's narrative by boldly approaching the dilemma of class within the gendered and racialized contexts of her life and work. With rigorous attention to the cultural value of labor and its implications for antislavery, abolitionist, and racial uplift movements, this chapter offers a new path for entry into the Du Boisean/Washingtonian [End Page 336] debate on the nature of progress and intercultural and racial relations—through Black women's literary and material labor. Santamarina's complication of abolitionist discourse and Black bourgeois strategies is exceptionally well framed and convincingly argued. In chapter two, The View from Below: Menial Labor and Self-Reliance in Harriet Wilson's Our Nig, Santamarina asserts that Wilson's text exposes the devaluation of Black manual labor by both white and Black leaders (66). Her reading of Our Nig analyzes how class-based racial domination perpetuated the exploitation of Black workers' material and symbolic worth, especially for Black women like Wilson. Importantly, Our Nig is interrogated through a re-defining of self-reliance, one that exposes the reproduction of class-based forms of racial inferiority in uplift discourse. Bracketing or denying the social implications of menial labor resulted in the failure to recognize the value of Black workers' labor (68–69). Chapter three, Enterprising Women and the Labors of Femininity: Eliza Potter, Cincinnati Hairdresser, provides important inroads into the historical development of Black women's entrepreneurship, politically and economically. As well, it culturally redefines nineteenth-century Black women's manual labor as a form of aesthetic labor (105). Santamarina rigorously interrogates issues such as cultural authority, racial ambiguity (or passing), authenticity, and veracity in nineteenth-century Black narrative criticism. In doing so, she points us in new directions for our consideration of Black female subjectivity, Black/white relations in the antebellum era, and the significant twists and turns of intra-gender class relations. In chapter four, Behind the Scenes of Black Labor: Elizabeth Keckley and the Scandal of Publicity, Santamarina claims that Keckley's autobiography represents utopian possibilities, exemplify[ing] black working women's potential for overcoming and succeeding against enormous odds (139). Problematically, Keckley's self-representation as empowered agent, rather than solely as a victim of bondage, was misread by Black and white critics alike (143). Thus, Keckley's attempt to 'speak' her labor not only generated devastating critiques from whites and was perceived as a cautionary tale by African Americans, but it also continues to be contested and easily misinterpreted today (144). Santamarina points to the crux of such misinterpretation—the denial of the value and social position of Keckley's labor. Both Behind the Scenes and its reception expose the symbolic conflict [that] erupts when dominated, 'domestic,' and even 'loyal' black labor is literally and figuratively emancipated, moving out of its subordinate role 'behind the scenes' to take the nation's center stage (145). Santamarina's critical voice is as creative as it is scholarly. She weaves into these early Black women's works—through her own labor—narratives that [End Page 337] require additional readings fully..." @default.
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• W2022861609 date "2007-01-01" @default.
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• W2022861609 title "Belabored Professions: Narratives of African American Working Womanhood (review)" @default.
• W2022861609 doi "https://doi.org/10.1353/leg.2007.0034" @default.
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