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- W2022905037 abstract "Development of the Human Genome Project (HGP) holds great promise for identifying causes and treatments of human disease. This promise is mostly unfulfilled but is spiced with the development of remarkable, almost astounding, new knowledge. The course from inception of the HGP to today was ‘‘rocky’’ at best and sadly dysfunctional at worst. Beginning in May of 1985 starting with a workshop to discuss sequencing the human genome held in Santa Fe, NewMexico, until the HGP was declared complete in April 2003, there were private enterprise, government involvement, and pseudo-government initiatives that contributed to ultimate public availability of the human genome. Today, the sequence of the DNA in the human genome is stored in databases available to anyone with access to the Internet. How the genome came to be publically available amounts to a ‘‘swashbuckling’’ clash that ultimately led to the first publication of the draft of the human genome by a publically funded entity, the University of California Santa Cruz, in 2000. Today, the ultimate price tag of the HGP is approximately $3 billion with more to come. So far, the return on this investment is modest. In fact, the more we learn about the human genome, the more levels of complexity become apparent. The article by Hsu and colleagues in this issue of the Journal is an example of this complexity. The realization that cancer progression required the participation of cellular genes provided one of several key rationales for embarking on the HGP in 1985. Cancer is ultimately a disease of unregulated gene expression. The reference human genome provided a building block for understanding the full spectrum of somatic changes leading to cancer. With increased understanding of the human genome and the transcription of genetic information, realization of the importance of epigenetic alterations in the transcription process surfaced. More specifically, study of cancer epigenetics identified epigenetic modifications to the genome of" @default.
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- W2022905037 date "2015-01-01" @default.
- W2022905037 modified "2023-09-30" @default.
- W2022905037 title "What the Human Genome Project hasn't told us: The epigenetics of development of esophageal squamous cell cancer" @default.
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- W2022905037 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcvs.2014.10.070" @default.
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