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• W202292283 abstract "In 1894 Alfred Lyall dedared that 'the novels with which our fortunate generation is so abundantly supplied, may be divided broadly into two classes [. . .] the of Adventure and the of Manners'.1 Lyall argued that while the *Novel of Manners' was essentially feminine, concerned with die 'analysis of character' and the 'play of civil emotions' in familiar settings, the Novel of Adventure' was 'masculine in orientation', focusing on heroic action and marvellous enterprise' in 'rough societies or remote places'.2 Some late nineteenth-century exponents of the *???e1 of Adventure', or imperial adventure-romance, regarded colonial New Zealand as an attractive canvas for their tales of masculine daring in an exotic, rugged environment.3 Five such authors set their narratives, in part or in full, in the Waikato of the 186Os, drawn to the backdrop of inter-racial conflict provided by die New Zealand Wars. While references to specific events and people associated with colonial Waikato do ground many of these texts in historical reality, it has to be said that, regardless of whether the authors write from experience, careful research, or flights of imaginative fantasy, the Waikato that is described in their narratives has been selected for its frontier possibilities rather than its distinctive geography.The texts under consideration, Jules Verne's Among the Cantabais (1868), Joshua Kirb/s Henry Ancrum (1871), Emilia Marryat's Amongst the Maoris (1874), Sygurd Wisniowski's Tikera (1877), and Rolf Boldrewood's War to the Knife (1899), are linked not only by setting but by their engagement with two key tensions at work at both the structural and the ideological level. Firstly, there is an underlying dichotomy in many of the adventure-romances under discussion, between the overt articulation of an imperial message and an implied rejection of 'civilised' norms through a movement away from the imperial centre into a frontier landscape that fascinates precisely because it is as yet untouched by the march of progress and Empire. The protagonists of these novels are not typically missionaries, settlers, or Empire-builders seeking to shape the new world into a simulacrum of the old, but travellers in search of the exotic. These adventurers rarely embrace a new identity as a colonist, preferring rather to return to the civilised comforts of home and the known at the conclusion of their explorations.Secondly, there are similar tensions evident in the authors' engagement with gender and race. These Novels of Adventure' valorise the intrepid, solitary male explorer and warrior who ventures into the unknown, yet the narratives almost always return the hero to the safe arms of his faithful beloved at the conclusion of the novel. The values of civilisation and domesticity embodied by this European maiden triumph at the end of most texts, although much of the narrative recounts the male protagonist's journey away from her into a world where he is sexually and emotionally excited by the racial other; in these texts set in the Waikato, the woman is invariably a voluptuous 'half-caste' whose mixed blood makes her both enticingly exotic and somehow 'superior' to other Maori. While these Maori heroines are usually more fully rounded characters than their one-dimensional European rivals, the authors invariably retreat from allowing a permanent commitment between the racial other and the hero, reflecting European attitudes of racial superiority and fears of miscegenation.Authors and ContextsOf course, not all of the authors under consideration treat these tensions in identical ways. The novelists who set their adventure narratives in the Waikato are diverse in terms of background, ideology, literary reputation, and personal engagement with colonial New Zealand. None of the authors were born in New Zealand or were long-term residents of the colony, and only two of the novelists visited New Zealand: Major Joshua Henry Kirby and Sygurd Wisniowski. …" @default.
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• W202292283 date "2011-07-01" @default.
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• W202292283 title "Five imperial adventures in the Waikato" @default.
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