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- W2022943889 abstract "Although bivalent europium ion (Eu++) and trivalent gadolinium ion (Gd+++) are isoelectronic, there is no resemblance in their spectra either as regards intensity or structure. Instead of the sharp spectrum of Gd+++ even at room temperature, the spectrum of Eu++ consists, both in absorption and in fluorescence, of broad bands which show signs of an underlying discreteness at liquid air temperatures and at the temperature of liquid hydrogen become resolved into lines in some regions. The spectrum of Eu++ in crystals is perhaps one hundred to one thousand times as intense as the spectrum of the gadolinium ion. To obtain transmission, the bivalent salts were greatly diluted to form mixed crystals with the corresponding colorless strontium salt. In contrast with the spectra of Gd+++, the spectra of Eu++ are rich in vibrational structure, with an interval 215 cm−1 as especially prominent, in the anhydrous chloride. The spectra of Eu++ are also exceptional in their strong dependence on the crystalline environment about the europium ions. That is, different salts of bivalent europium differ widely in the character of their spectra in contrast with the typical behavior of rare earths. The chief feature many of the salts have in common is a strong fluorescence in the ultraviolet. The character of the spectrum is ascribed principally to transitions between a sharp basic level 8S72 with the seven “optical” electrons in the 4f shell and activated states having one of these electrons in a 5d, 6s, 6p, etc., or the lattice. There are possibilities here that some of the sharp activated states which correspond to those in Gd+++ have nearly the same energy as those which have one electron in the outer shells of the ion or in the lattice and thus resonance arises between the “inner” and “outer” states. Some evidence is offered for such radiationless transitions and for transitions to the lattice." @default.
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- W2022943889 title "The absorption and fluorescence spectra of bivalent europium ion in crystals" @default.
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- W2022943889 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-8914(48)90057-3" @default.
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