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- W2022984712 endingPage "67" @default.
- W2022984712 startingPage "53" @default.
- W2022984712 abstract "Protein aggregates are a hallmark of Huntington's disease (HD) and other inherited neurodegenerative diseases caused by an elongated (CAG)n repeat in the genome and to a corresponding increase in the size of the Qn domain in the expressed protein. When the protein associated with HD (huntingtin) contains <35 Q repeats disease does not occur. However, an n≥40 leads to disease. Some investigators have proposed that aggregates in the nuclei of affected cells are toxic, but other workers have suggested that the aggregates may be neutral or even protective. Whether or not they are toxic, an understanding of the processes whereby the aggregates develop may shed light on the neuropathological processes involved in the (CAG)n/Qn-expansion disorders. Qn domains have a tendency to non-covalently self align as ‘polar zippers’ rendering them less soluble, but evidence that such polar zippers occur in the aggregates in intact HD brain has so far been limited. The human brain contains at least three Ca2+-dependent enzymes (transglutaminases, TGases) that catalyze protein cross-linking reactions, namely TGase 1, TGase 2 (tissue transglutaminase, tTGase) and TGase 3. Qn aggregates have been found by several groups to be excellent substrates of tTGase. Moreover, the activity toward the Qn domains increases greatly as n is increased to 40 or beyond. tTGase mRNA and total TGase activity are elevated in HD brain. Moreover, some evidence suggests that Ca2+ homeostasis is disrupted in HD brain. We propose that the combination of increased huntingtin (or huntingtin fragment containing the Qn domain) in the nucleus, increased the ability of the Qn domains to act as substrate, increased Ca2+ levels and increased inherent TGase activity all contribute to increased cross-linking of proteins in HD brain. At first the proteasome machinery can recognize and degrade the cross-linked proteins, but over time the proteasome machinery may be overwhelmed and protein aggregates will accumulate." @default.
- W2022984712 created "2016-06-24" @default.
- W2022984712 creator A5051052158 @default.
- W2022984712 creator A5069335794 @default.
- W2022984712 creator A5074569290 @default.
- W2022984712 creator A5086218531 @default.
- W2022984712 date "2002-01-01" @default.
- W2022984712 modified "2023-10-10" @default.
- W2022984712 title "Cross linking of polyglutamine domains catalyzed by tissue transglutaminase is greatly favored with pathological-length repeats: does transglutaminase activity play a role in (CAG)n/Qn-expansion diseases?" @default.
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