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• W2023384175 abstract "In 1941, as the Federal Writers' Project (FWP) was coming to an end in many parts of the country, a new project began at the Fort Belknap Indian Reservation. Two tribal members, Fred Gone and Mark Rex Flying, from the Gros Ventre and Assiniboine communities respectively, began collecting historical narratives and traditional stories from tribal elders for the Montana Writers' Program.1 Intended for publication for a general audience, both men looked upon the project as an opportunity to write the history of their own community and to correct what they perceived as misrepresentations of Native cultures found in popular and academic literature at the time. In a letter to the state supervisor, Flying criticized earlier histories written by non-Native observers and wrote, The historical past of the Assiniboine in its true nature has never been successfully recorded by the many attempts by different writers.2 In another letter, Flying wrote that previous researchers had brought distortion to [their] interpretations . . . of what the Indian life belief custom and stories really mean.3 Though Flying and Gone's collections were not published during the tenure of the project, they are critical texts that illustrate how these individual fieldworkers used the FWP as an opportunity to craft narratives about Native communities during the early twentieth century, and in so doing, contested popular notions regarding Native American cultures at the time. These texts, however, have largely remained unexamined in the scholarly literature regarding the FWP.4 This is a critical oversight since these works offer a productive corpus in which to investigate questions regarding how Native American communities were depicted during the early twentieth century, and who had the authority to create these images. [End Page 56] Within the Writers' Project's activities, a range of representations of Native communities emerged, from generalized abstractions in the American Guide series to sensitive portrayals of contemporary life by Native authors and artists. Further, these representations were formed at a significant time as communities were beginning to address the changes within the reservation system wrought by New Deal policies and the passage of the Indian Reorganization Act. This article examines competing views of representation and authorship regarding Native American communities in a variety of projects supported by the FWP, including the American Guide series and state-sponsored works. I begin by briefly contextualizing the FWP's Native American projects within the shifting federal environment as a result of the Indian Reorganization Act. I then turn to representations of Native communities within the American Guide series and discuss how editors relied on social sciences, particularly anthropology, to create what they considered accurate representations of Native American culture. From there, I examine a selection of proposed acculturation studies and oral history projects sponsored by the FWP which concern culture change and persistence among various communities. Finally, I return to the project in Montana and explore how individual fieldworkers used the Writers' Project as an opportunity to craft counter-narratives regarding Native communities, and how these acts of authoring shaped the community's own sense of history. While my latter discussion rests mostly on the Montana Writers' Project and the particular activity at Fort Belknap reservation, it is representative of a process replicated in other FWP projects which focused on Native American communities and their role in American culture.5 The Indian New Deal and a New Approach to Policymaking A dramatic change in ideology occurred in the United States during the 1930s; the country transitioned from a view that lauded progress and technological achievement to one that supported social concern and responsibility. Influenced by the economic instability of the Great Depression, the Roosevelt administration focused on social welfare, and its New Deal policies encouraged the development of a new national character that emphasized American plurality. Reflecting this new progressive character, [End Page 57] the government instituted..." @default.
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• W2023384175 date "2005-01-01" @default.
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• W2023384175 title "Constructions and Contestations of the Authoritative Voice: Native American Communities and the Federal Writers' Project, 1935-41" @default.
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• W2023384175 doi "https://doi.org/10.1353/aiq.2005.0059" @default.
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