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• W2023442485 abstract "pre-primary, elementary, secondary, and higher. The elementary level is divided into junior (4 years) and senior (3 years) grades, or a total of seven years, of which only four are compulsory and free. The secondary5 level has two categories: lower (3 years) and upper (3 years), or a total of six years of study. It also consists of two main streams, academic and vocational. The academic consists of almost everybody not included in the vocational. It serves in fact as a vocational stream for the great majority of secondary pupils, since only a small number who enter it are able to gain university admission. At present nearly 20,000 students apply each year for admission to universities that can accommodate only 5,000. The academic stream is not selective and, therefore, its quality is low. Many young people enter who are not really qualified candidates for university entrance. Thus the academic stream is not actually designed in terms of what students really do after they have left it. Rather, it is largely disfunctional except for those who manage to find a place in a university. It persists as a part of the present Thai educational system long after its real utility to the majority of the students has disappeared. The vocational stream is bi-structural: lower (grades 8 to 12) and higher (including short course programs, technical and teacher training schools). As now constituted the lower level admits practically all who apply, while the upper is more selective and accepts slightly more than onefourth of those who apply. However, Thailand's present vocational system does not attract the best type of pupil. There are many reasons for this, chiefly the fact that in the hierarchy of educational prestige it has a low position and is selected only after all other educational doors have been closed. Vocational schools operate in a vacuum, isolated from the dynamic changes which are taking place in the country. There is no assurance that jobs for which vocational schools now prepare young people are those for which there is need, either in the present or future; there is no close link between vocational training and the business and industrial community.6 Higher education in Thailand is mainly at university undergraduate level. Postgraduates represent less than one-tenth of one per cent of the total enrollment. In 1961 only 919 graduate students out of a total of more than 32,000 enrolled in institutions of higher learning, including the teacher training colleges. Of this grand total, 15,559 were in teacher training colleges and 16,226 in the five universities. The universities graduate less than 3,000 students annually, the vast majority of whom enter the government civil service. As presently composed higher education is also not geared to meet the demands of the modern world; most curricula and practices (except in the professional institutions of medicine and natural science, education, and the fine arts) continue to adhere to an outmoded classical pattern.7 Based on past experience, the annual" @default.
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• W2023442485 date "1964-06-01" @default.
• W2023442485 modified "2023-09-26" @default.
• W2023442485 title "Educational Planning in Thailand" @default.
• W2023442485 doi "https://doi.org/10.1086/445030" @default.
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