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• W2023488593 abstract "Compelling epidemiological evidence links infection with the gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori to the development of chronic gastritis, peptic ulcers and adenocarcinoma [ 1 Graham D.Y. Helicobacter pylori infection is the primary cause of gastric cancer. J. Gastroenterol. 2000; 35: 90-97 PubMed Google Scholar ]. An inappropriately regulated local immune response is assumed to account for the increased risk of disease. This local mucosal response is characterized morphologically by a dense infiltration of the sub-epithelial gastric lamina propria by professional phagocytes such as neutrophil granulocytes and monocytes. The fact that the bacteria do not normally penetrate into the sub-epithelial lamina propria suggests that leukocyte recruitment is mediated by soluble bacterial products, and earlier studies have revealed that H. pylori produce several pro-inflammatory proteins and peptides, some (but definitely not all) of which have been identified and partially characterized. Examples of these substances include formylated peptides generated during bacterial growth [ 2 Craig P.M. et al. Helicobacter pylori secretes a chemotactic factor for monocytes and neutrophils. Gut. 1992; 33: 1020-1023 Crossref PubMed Scopus (151) Google Scholar ]; a truncated amino-terminal region of the H. pylori urease [ 3 Mai U.E. et al. Surface proteins from Helicobacter pylori exhibit chemotactic activity for human leukocytes and are present in gastric mucosa. J. Exp. Med. 1992; 175: 517-525 Crossref PubMed Scopus (259) Google Scholar ]; a 17 kDa neutrophil-attracting peptide (Hp-NAP) [ 4 Evans D.J., Jr et al. Characterization of a Helicobacter pylori neutrophil-activating protein. Infect. Immun. 1995; 63: 2213-2220 Crossref PubMed Google Scholar , 5 Satin B. et al. The neutrophil-activating protein (HP-NAP) of Helicobacter pylori is a protective antigen and a major virulence factor. J. Exp. Med. 2000; 191: 1467-1476 Crossref PubMed Scopus (262) Google Scholar ]; and a cecropin-like peptide [ 6 Betten Å. et al. A proinflammatory peptide from Helicobacter pylori activates monocytes to induce lymphocyte dysfunction and apoptosis. J. Clin. Invest. 2001; 108: 1221-1228 Crossref PubMed Scopus (112) Google Scholar , 7 Bylund J. et al. Proinflammatory activity of a cecropin-like antibacterial peptide from Helicobacter pylori. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2001; 45: 1700-1704 Crossref PubMed Scopus (55) Google Scholar ] with antimicrobial properties. Based on the fact that these molecules are leukocyte chemoattractants that also trigger the formation and release of toxic oxygen radicals, they have been regarded as important virulence factors for H. pylori in the infected mucosa. Recently, Leakey and co-workers questioned the pathogenic role of one of the H. pylori proteins, Hp-NAP, as they showed that the ability of bacterial extracts to activate neutrophils was determined by factors (so far undefined) other than Hp-NAP [ 8 Leakey A. et al. The ability of Helicobacter pylori to activate neutrophils is determined by factors other than H. pylori neutrophil-activating protein. J. Infect. Dis. 2000; 182: 1749-1755 Crossref PubMed Scopus (18) Google Scholar ]. These results subsequently put the whole issue of how to test the inflammatory activity of microbial factors into focus [ 5 Satin B. et al. The neutrophil-activating protein (HP-NAP) of Helicobacter pylori is a protective antigen and a major virulence factor. J. Exp. Med. 2000; 191: 1467-1476 Crossref PubMed Scopus (262) Google Scholar , 8 Leakey A. et al. The ability of Helicobacter pylori to activate neutrophils is determined by factors other than H. pylori neutrophil-activating protein. J. Infect. Dis. 2000; 182: 1749-1755 Crossref PubMed Scopus (18) Google Scholar , 9 Dundon W. et al. Problems assaying neutrophil activators. Trends Microbiol. 2001; 9: 314-315 Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (1) Google Scholar ]. As this question is of general interest, we would like to add some points to the discussion that we believe are of importance for correct interpretation of the data presented." @default.
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• W2023488593 title "Problems in identifying microbial-derived neutrophil activators, focusing on Helicobacter pylori" @default.
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• W2023488593 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0966-842x(01)02279-x" @default.
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