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• W2024308516 abstract "ABSTRACT: This article examines the genesis of sexual preference. Since human beings as a species are unique in that they have a sexual orientation toward their own gender (homosexuality) as well as the opposite sex (heterosexuality), how or where this preference begins is of interest. This paper examines the research and focuses on how and why some fetuses lack male hormones at the end of pregnancy, which along with stress responses may trigger a high level of activity in the mother's adrenal glands impacting the developing child's later sexual orientation. Options for future research are also discussed. KEY WORDS: Sexual orientation, heterosexuality, homosexuality, bisexuality. INTRODUCTION Why do most human beings have a consistent preference for sexual relations with the opposite sex? Why do others have a consistent preference for sexual relations with their own sex? Why do others express some ambivalence about their partner's sex? Any study of heterosexuality, homosexuality and bisexuality must start with questions about the genesis of sexual orientation. We are the only species where a substantial proportion of individuals is exclusively and consistently oriented towards their own sex. History Until recently all theories of sexual orientation defied scientific verification. In ancient Greece, Plato had expressed the dominance theory in his Symposium. He explained how humanity was originally divided into three sexes rather than two: its members were joined in pairs of either two men, or two women, or a man and a woman. Zeus cut each pair apart to diminish their power and to teach them to fear the gods. This explains why humans spend their time on the earth searching for their other half, with whom they can merge in love. Those whose sex had once been mixed were obsessed by coupling, whereas people sprung from single-sex pairs were more suited for everyday business of the world, particularly for government and leadership. During the twentieth century many theories focused on explanations based on social (particularly family) and environmental causes. Freud, without dismissing hereditary factors, argued that male homosexuality reflected a premature fixation of one's psychosexual development: it was typically due to the presence of a domineering mother or the absence of a dominant father (Freud, 1905). Homosexuality has also been attributed to seduction in early childhood by an older same-sex sibling or playmate that arrested psychosexual development (Cameron, 1963). Others have attributed male homosexuality to excessive societal demands on boys to be 'masculine' (i.e., boys who feel inadequate in complying with those demands tend to seek refuge in females roles) (Kardiner, 1963). In the 1950s, imprinting theories based on ethological learning principles were developed. It was argued that, after the first year or two of life characterized by sexual neutrality, one's sexual orientation will be formed by the second or third year of life. Subtle, often accidental social encounters during this critical period cause sexual orientation to develop gradually, but irreversibly (Smitt, 1991). These twentieth century theories are not supported by homosexual men who feel their sexual orientation to be innate, deeply embedded in their personality, and not determined by external factors. It is significant that most homosexual men neither seek nor desire therapeutic reorientation. Twenty-First Century In the age of Primal Health Research, we are learning that most personality traits and states of health are to a great extent determined during fetal life. It is time to cease contrasting genetic and environmental factors. We now understand that the expression of our genes is influenced by early - particularly prenatal and perinatal - environmental factors. Our study of the genesis of sexual orientation provides an exemplary opportunity to realize that we are entering a new phase in our understanding of human development. …" @default.
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• W2024308516 title "Genesis of Sexual Orientation: From Plato to Dorner" @default.
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