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• W2024341696 abstract "From Indentured Servant to Colonial Virginia Clergyman:The Life of Daniel Sturges Otto Lohrenz Many immigrants to the American colonies came as indentured servants.1 The vast majority of them were laboring men and women without the means to leave Britain for the opportunities available in the New World unless they chose indenture. A resident of England, for example, who was unable to pay the cost of passage to America, might agree to work for another individual for a specified time, generally from four to six years, in return for payment of travel expenses and maintenance during the period of servitude. Servants hoped to improve their social and economic position in America after acquiring freedom. Rarely do we think of educated clergy as products of indentured servitude. Among the more than three hundred ministers of the established Church of England who served in colonial Virginia, Daniel Sturges, the subject of this essay, was one of only two British natives who came to the Old Dominion as indentured servants.2 The purpose of this analysis is to identify him and to examine his record, which unfortunately is rather meager, as both minister and servant. Writers have never identified Sturges properly. Secular scholars have learned little about him. Mary Newton Stanard knew that Sturges had been a servant and storekeeper but did not realize that he had become an Anglican clergyman. His descendants know nothing about the origins of their progenitor. In her family history, The Rev. Daniel Sturges Story, Dorothy Sturgis Pruett, a descendant who has adopted a modified spelling of her ancestor's surname, admitted that it is still not known through which family he descended.3 The standard authorities of Virginia's colonial church have only recorded a few brief biographical notes about Sturges, who was rector of Norborne Parish in Berkeley County from 1772 to 1786, without offering an integrated narrative.4 Sturges was one of 124 Anglican clergymen who officiated in Virginia during the revolutionary years. These men of the cloth served an important religious and public institution, the established Anglican Church, and endured the vicissitudes associated with the [End Page 61] Revolution and the disestablishment of the church. For historians to make valid generalizations about the clergy, the church, and the Revolution in Virginia, which they sometimes feel compelled to do, correct and complete data about individual parsons is imperative. Sturges was not a celebrated divine, but evidence shows he became a capable and respected minister despite his background. The two most important issues involving servants in the New World are their social and economic origins in Britain and their economic opportunities and social mobility in the American colonies upon earning freedom. Scholars are not in agreement about their origins, variously concluding that they represented the unwanted rabble, the middle or working classes, the lower levels of society, and all ranks of society below the peerage.5 There is no consensus about their social assimilation and economic advancement after their terms of service expired. Some studies find that ex-servants did very poorly, several conclude that about 20 to 25 percent became yeomen or artisans, and others think that a majority demonstrated upward mobility.6 Most studies about indentured servitude in the Chesapeake Bay area focus on the seventeenth century. In the next century, after slaves had gradually replaced servants as laborers, the demand switched from unskilled to skilled servants. These eighteenth-century immigrants stemmed from a higher social level and enjoyed better prospects upon achieving freedom. This swing to more proficient workers produced servants like Daniel Sturges. This sketch reveals that he was capable and reasonably well-educated, that he sprang from the upper middle class, and that he improved both his social and economic standing after fulfilling his contractual obligations. All the surviving labor contracts from 1718 to 1759 made in London, the apparent place of birth and residence of Sturges, are contained in the Memoranda of Agreements to Serve in America and the West Indies and are held at the Corporation of London Records Office, London Guildhall. Scholars have abstracted and printed these agreements but the name of Daniel Sturges is not to be found in the published lists. Thus it seems evident..." @default.
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• W2024341696 title "From Indentured Servant to Colonial Virginia Clergyman: The Life of Daniel Sturges" @default.
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