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• W2024429438 startingPage "195" @default.
• W2024429438 abstract "Several paradigm shifting advances have recently been made on the composition and function of the chromosomal DNA replication machinery. Replisomes appear to be more fluid and dynamic than ever imagined, enabling rapid and efficient bypass of roadblocks and template lesions while faithfully replicating chromosomal DNA. This fluidity is determined by many layers of regulation, which reach beyond the role of replisome components themselves. In fact, recent studies show that additional polymerases, post-transcriptional modifications, and chromatin structure are required for complete chromosome duplication. Many of these factors are involved with the more complex events that take place during lagging-strand synthesis. These, and other recent discoveries, are the focus of this review. Several paradigm shifting advances have recently been made on the composition and function of the chromosomal DNA replication machinery. Replisomes appear to be more fluid and dynamic than ever imagined, enabling rapid and efficient bypass of roadblocks and template lesions while faithfully replicating chromosomal DNA. This fluidity is determined by many layers of regulation, which reach beyond the role of replisome components themselves. In fact, recent studies show that additional polymerases, post-transcriptional modifications, and chromatin structure are required for complete chromosome duplication. Many of these factors are involved with the more complex events that take place during lagging-strand synthesis. These, and other recent discoveries, are the focus of this review. nanoscale DNA biopointers consist of short (<200 bp) DNA duplexes labeled with biotin. They bind the multivalent streptavidin molecule, which can also bind a biotinylated protein, thereby coupling the DNA molecule to the protein, through the streptavidin bridge. Binding of biopointers to proteins is used to map the localization of proteins in EM. Streptavidin-labeled biopointers have a high specificity for their target and are small enough not to obscure the target, yet are large enough to visualize by EM. bacterial cells undergo a response to DNA damage (SOS DNA damage response) that helps them to survive. The major trigger for the SOS response is accumulation of ssDNA, which is recognized and bound by RecA to form filamentous structures. RecA (recombinase A) filament formation activates RecA to function as a co-protease for cleavage of the transcriptional repressor, LexA (locus for X-ray sensitivity A). This results in dissociation of the LexA repressor from DNA and expression of more than 40 genes involved in the cellular response to damaged DNA. These proteins include enzymes required for nucleotide excision repair, base excision repair, DNA recombination, and cell division. a frequent challenge for fluorescence microscopy that applies high intensity illumination is production of reactive oxygen species that are toxic to cells (phototoxicity) and also bleaching of fluorophores during the course of extended or repeated measurements (photobleaching). Use of a high power light-emitting diode (LED), which can emit short pulses of light (0.5–2 ms) (stroboscopic illumination) to excite fluorophores, maximizes signal intensities and minimizes illumination time, thus reducing phototoxicity and photobleaching. The replication system of the T4 phage serves as a relatively simple system for studying DNA replication in vitro. Reconstituted from purified components it recapitulates formation and propagation of DNA replication in vitro. The eight essential components include a DNA polymerase harboring both nucleotide incorporation and 3′-5′ proofreading exonuclease activities (gp43), a ring-shaped homotrimeric processivity factor (gp45), loaded on a primed template by the clamp loader (gp44/62). The polymerase–clamp complex is processive and displaces ssDNA binding protein (gp32) from DNA. A helicase (gp41) unwinds the duplex DNA and primase (gp61) binds the helicase to initiate primer synthesis. A helicase accessory factor (gp59) assists helicase loading. based on the principle that a thin, exponentially decaying, evanescent field of excitation can be generated at the interface of two media of different refractive index (RI) (e.g., the glass coverslip and the biological specimen). This enables the selective excitation of fluorophores in a thin optical plane above the light beam (<200 nm), thereby preventing fluorescence emission from molecules that are not in the primary focal plane (e.g., molecules that are not bound to DNA that is restricted to the focal plane)." @default.
• W2024429438 created "2016-06-24" @default.
• W2024429438 creator A5041536802 @default.
• W2024429438 creator A5054494155 @default.
• W2024429438 date "2013-04-01" @default.
• W2024429438 modified "2023-10-16" @default.
• W2024429438 title "New insights into replisome fluidity during chromosome replication" @default.
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• W2024429438 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tibs.2012.10.003" @default.
• W2024429438 hasPubMedCentralId "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/3597760" @default.
• W2024429438 hasPubMedId "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23153958" @default.
• W2024429438 hasPublicationYear "2013" @default.
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