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• W2024863896 abstract "Reviewed by: Hellenic Religion and Christianization, c. 370-529, vol. 1 Kenneth Paul Wesche Frank R, Trombley . Hellenic Religion and Christianization, c. 370-529, vol. 1. Religions in the Graeco-Roman World, 115/1. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1993. Pp. xiv + 344. $114.50. The aim of Trombley's fascinating study is to trace the process of Christianization in the Eastern Roman Empire from the time of Theodosius to Justinian, and to evaluate the degree of success the imperial conversion program actually enjoyed. Taking imperial proscriptions against various pagan practices as evidence of a continued devotion to pagan observances that were difficult if not impossible to eradicate, Trombley examines various kinds of archaeological and documentary sources to uncover a widespread and tenacious adherence to ancient religious beliefs and practices that not only profoundly affected the quality of conversions to the new religion of the emperors, but also significantly shaped the popular practice of that religion in its new status as the official religion of the Empire. Chapter 1 considers the extent to which the initial imperial program forbidding public sacrifice to the old gods succeeded in diverting adherents of the old religion to the new. In this regard, at least two stages are discernible in the imperial program. In the first period between 319 and 423, imperial legislation sought nothing more than to suppress public ceremonial rather than to interfere with private conscience (p. 5). This presumed that the varieties of Hellenic cult were tolerable except for certain behaviors deemed immoral or immodest, which the legislation against sacrifice sought to regulate. The bold attempts of zealous adherents to the new religion, in the persons of bishops and monks, to enforce the law on their own, often with deadly consequences, gives evidence that adherents to the new religion were yet a minority in many locales. Their influence varied from region to region, and the enforcement of the laws against public ceremonial depended upon the dispositions of local authorities, whose sympathy and tolerance for the old religion as often as not reflected the mood of the populace, and whose application of imperial legislation was subject more to the strength of influence of the local populace than to religious conviction. During this period, one finds as well severe penalties established for apostates from the Christian religion. The attention given to apostasy by imperial statutes indicates that return to the old religion after conversion to the new was a serious problem; apparently, pagan religion continued to exert a strong hold on citizens of the newly Christianized Empire, which absolutely damns the thesis of a 'completely [End Page 221] Christian society' emerging quickly in the wake of the legislation initiated by emperor Theodosius I (p. 75). The second period of the imperial program was inaugurated in 438, in the Third Novel of Theodosius II. The novelty of Theodosius' Third Novel was the view that the peace of the Roman Empire no longer depended on the favor of the ancient gods, but on the one sole God of the Christians. Under this monotheistic view, the confiscation and execution of all who observed the nefarious rites of sacrifices was justified, and capital punishment the just reward of those who would lead anyone, slave or free, whether against his will or by punishable persuasion, from the worship of the Christian religion to an impious sect or ritual (p. 76). Even so, however, evidence from cities like Athens, Aphrodisias, and Alexandria, and from the rustic parts of Bithynia, Syria, Egypt, Arabia, and elsewhere, demonstrates the survival of the old religiosity in forms entirely unaffected by Christianity (p. 78). The tenacity which characterized adherence to the old religions on the popular level meant that many conversions to the new religion were nominal and expedient at best. The conversion of minds obviously required more than enforced suppression of pagan ceremonials. Chapter Two presents to the reader a survey of three issues: the transformation of local gods, the Christianization of pagan ritual, and the conversion of pagan temples to Christian edifices. Trombley believes that these three issues are integrally related to one another and together provide clues for understanding the actual character and quality of Christianization. By means of these three processes..." @default.
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• W2024863896 title "<i>Hellenic Religion and Christianization, c. 370-529</i>, vol. 1 (review)" @default.
• W2024863896 doi "https://doi.org/10.1353/earl.0.0037" @default.
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