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• W2024998432 abstract "Linoleate diol synthase is a homotetrameric ferric hemeprotein, which catalyzes dioxygenation of linoleic acid to (8R)-hydroperoxylinoleate and isomerization of the hydroperoxide to (7S,8S)-dihydroxylinoleate. Ferryl intermediates and a tyrosyl radical are formed in the reaction. Linoleate diol synthase was digested with endoproteinase Lys-C, and internal peptides were sequenced. The sequence information was used for reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis, and a cDNA probe was obtained. Northern blot analysis of linoleate diol synthase suggested a 3.7-kilobase pair (kb) mRNA. A full-length clone of the linoleate diol synthase gene was obtained by screening of a genomic λ-ZAP II library of the fungus Gaeumannomyces graminis. The 5′-untranslated region contained CAAT- and TATA-like boxes. The gene contained three short introns and spanned over 3.2-kb. The deduced open reading frame consisted of 2.9-kb, which corresponded to 978 amino acids and a molecular subunit mass of 108,000. Data base analysis with the gapped BLAST algorithm showed that 391 residues of linoleate diol synthase was 23–24% identical and 36–37% positive with the catalytic domain of mammalian prostaglandin H (PGH) synthase-2. Based on homology with PGH synthases, the proximal heme ligand of linoleate diol synthase was tentatively identified as His-379 and the important tyrosine for catalysis as residue 376 (apparent consensus EFNXXXYXWH). The distal heme ligand was tentatively identified as His-203 (apparent consensus THXXFXT). We conclude from catalytic and structural similarities that linoleate diol synthase and PGH synthases likely share common ancestry and may belong to a gene family of fatty acid heme dioxygenases. Linoleate diol synthase is a homotetrameric ferric hemeprotein, which catalyzes dioxygenation of linoleic acid to (8R)-hydroperoxylinoleate and isomerization of the hydroperoxide to (7S,8S)-dihydroxylinoleate. Ferryl intermediates and a tyrosyl radical are formed in the reaction. Linoleate diol synthase was digested with endoproteinase Lys-C, and internal peptides were sequenced. The sequence information was used for reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis, and a cDNA probe was obtained. Northern blot analysis of linoleate diol synthase suggested a 3.7-kilobase pair (kb) mRNA. A full-length clone of the linoleate diol synthase gene was obtained by screening of a genomic λ-ZAP II library of the fungus Gaeumannomyces graminis. The 5′-untranslated region contained CAAT- and TATA-like boxes. The gene contained three short introns and spanned over 3.2-kb. The deduced open reading frame consisted of 2.9-kb, which corresponded to 978 amino acids and a molecular subunit mass of 108,000. Data base analysis with the gapped BLAST algorithm showed that 391 residues of linoleate diol synthase was 23–24% identical and 36–37% positive with the catalytic domain of mammalian prostaglandin H (PGH) synthase-2. Based on homology with PGH synthases, the proximal heme ligand of linoleate diol synthase was tentatively identified as His-379 and the important tyrosine for catalysis as residue 376 (apparent consensus EFNXXXYXWH). The distal heme ligand was tentatively identified as His-203 (apparent consensus THXXFXT). We conclude from catalytic and structural similarities that linoleate diol synthase and PGH synthases likely share common ancestry and may belong to a gene family of fatty acid heme dioxygenases. Dioxygenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids is catalyzed by lipoxygenases, prostaglandin H (PGH) 1The abbreviations used are:PGH2prostaglandin H2PCRpolymerase chain reactionPGG2prostaglandin G2kbkilobase pairs synthases, and linoleate diol synthase (1Funk C.D. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1996; 1304: 65-84Crossref PubMed Scopus (237) Google Scholar, 2Smith W.L. DeWitt D.L. Semin. Nephrol. 1995; 15: 179-194PubMed Google Scholar, 3Smith W.L. Garavito R.M. DeWitt D.L. J. Biol. Chem. 1996; 271: 33157-33160Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (1847) Google Scholar, 4Brodowsky I.D. Oliw E.H. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1992; 1124: 59-65Crossref PubMed Scopus (55) Google Scholar, 5Brodowsky I.D. Hamberg M. Oliw E.H. J. Biol. Chem. 1992; 267: 14738-14745Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar, 6Su C. Brodowsky I.D. Oliw E.H. Lipids. 1995; 30: 43-50Crossref PubMed Scopus (20) Google Scholar, 7Su C. Oliw E.H. J. Biol. Chem. 1996; 271: 14112-14118Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (54) Google Scholar, 8Su C. Sahlin M. Oliw E.H. J. Biol. Chem. 1998; 273: 20744-20751Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (73) Google Scholar). Lipoxygenases are non-heme proteins with a metal atom, iron or manganese, at the active site (1Funk C.D. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1996; 1304: 65-84Crossref PubMed Scopus (237) Google Scholar, 9Skrzypczak-Jankun E. Amzel L.M. Kroa B.A. Funk M.O. Proteins. 1997; 29: 15-31Crossref PubMed Scopus (149) Google Scholar, 10Su C. Oliw E.H. J. Biol. Chem. 1998; 273: 13072-13079Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (156) Google Scholar). Lipoxygenases form cis-trans-conjugated hydroperoxy fatty acids and occur in animals, plants, and a few fungi (1Funk C.D. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1996; 1304: 65-84Crossref PubMed Scopus (237) Google Scholar, 11Siedow J.N. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 1991; 42: 145-188Crossref Scopus (699) Google Scholar, 12Herman R.P. Rowley A.F. Kühn H. Schwebe T. Eicosanoids and Related Compounds in Plants and Animals. Portland Press Ltd., London1998: 115-130Google Scholar). All iron-containing lipoxygenases belong to the same gene family (1Funk C.D. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1996; 1304: 65-84Crossref PubMed Scopus (237) Google Scholar). PGH synthases and linoleate diol synthase are ferric hemeproteins (2Smith W.L. DeWitt D.L. Semin. Nephrol. 1995; 15: 179-194PubMed Google Scholar, 3Smith W.L. Garavito R.M. DeWitt D.L. J. Biol. Chem. 1996; 271: 33157-33160Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (1847) Google Scholar,7Su C. Oliw E.H. J. Biol. Chem. 1996; 271: 14112-14118Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (54) Google Scholar, 8Su C. Sahlin M. Oliw E.H. J. Biol. Chem. 1998; 273: 20744-20751Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (73) Google Scholar). PGH synthases occur in vertebrates but not in plants and lower eukaryotes. Two isozymes, PGH synthase-1 and -2, have been described with 60–65% amino acid identity and with almost identical catalytic properties and tertiary structures (2Smith W.L. DeWitt D.L. Semin. Nephrol. 1995; 15: 179-194PubMed Google Scholar, 3Smith W.L. Garavito R.M. DeWitt D.L. J. Biol. Chem. 1996; 271: 33157-33160Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (1847) Google Scholar). PGH synthases catalyze two reactions, viz. the double dioxygenation and cyclization of arachidonic acid into prostaglandin G2 (PGG2), the cyclooxygenase reaction, and the conversion of PGG2 to PGH2, the peroxidase reaction (2Smith W.L. DeWitt D.L. Semin. Nephrol. 1995; 15: 179-194PubMed Google Scholar, 3Smith W.L. Garavito R.M. DeWitt D.L. J. Biol. Chem. 1996; 271: 33157-33160Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (1847) Google Scholar). Linoleate diol synthase also catalyzes two enzymatic reactions, viz. dioxygenation of linoleic acid into (8R)-hydroperoxylinoleate and isomerization of (8R)-hydroperoxylinoleate into (7S,8S)-dihydroxylinoleate (5Brodowsky I.D. Hamberg M. Oliw E.H. J. Biol. Chem. 1992; 267: 14738-14745Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar, 6Su C. Brodowsky I.D. Oliw E.H. Lipids. 1995; 30: 43-50Crossref PubMed Scopus (20) Google Scholar, 7Su C. Oliw E.H. J. Biol. Chem. 1996; 271: 14112-14118Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (54) Google Scholar, 8Su C. Sahlin M. Oliw E.H. J. Biol. Chem. 1998; 273: 20744-20751Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (73) Google Scholar, 13Hamberg M. Zhang L.-Y. Brodowsky I.D. Oliw E.H. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 1994; 309: 77-80Crossref PubMed Scopus (43) Google Scholar). Linoleate diol synthase has been characterized from the fungusGaeumannomyces graminis (7Su C. Oliw E.H. J. Biol. Chem. 1996; 271: 14112-14118Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (54) Google Scholar, 8Su C. Sahlin M. Oliw E.H. J. Biol. Chem. 1998; 273: 20744-20751Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (73) Google Scholar), which causes the “take-all” root disease of wheat (14Abelson P.H. Science. 1995; 269: 1027Crossref PubMed Scopus (7) Google Scholar). A related linoleate (8R)-dioxygenase may occur in Laetisaria arvalisand in some other fungi (15Champe S.P. El-Zayat A.A.E. J. Bacteriol. 1989; 171: 3982-3988Crossref PubMed Google Scholar, 16Mazur P. Meyers H.V. Nakanishi K. El-Zayat A.A.E. Champe S.P. Tetrahedron Lett. 1990; 31: 3837-3840Crossref Scopus (53) Google Scholar, 17Bowers W.S. Hoch H.C. Evans P.H. Katayama M. Science. 1986; 232: 105-106Crossref PubMed Scopus (56) Google Scholar, 18Brodowsky I.D. Oliw E.H. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1993; 1168: 68-72Crossref PubMed Scopus (39) Google Scholar). prostaglandin H2 polymerase chain reaction prostaglandin G2 kilobase pairs Lipoxygenases and PGH synthases are of medical interest. Lipoxygenases can form leukotrienes and other mediators of allergic inflammation (1Funk C.D. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1996; 1304: 65-84Crossref PubMed Scopus (237) Google Scholar). Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs inhibit PGH synthases, and this accounts for wanted and unwanted effects of these drugs (2Smith W.L. DeWitt D.L. Semin. Nephrol. 1995; 15: 179-194PubMed Google Scholar, 3Smith W.L. Garavito R.M. DeWitt D.L. J. Biol. Chem. 1996; 271: 33157-33160Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (1847) Google Scholar). Less is known about linoleate diol synthase, but it might be important for fungal reproduction and growth as one of its products, (8R)-hydroxylinoleate, has been identified as a sporulation hormone and an antifungal agent (15Champe S.P. El-Zayat A.A.E. J. Bacteriol. 1989; 171: 3982-3988Crossref PubMed Google Scholar, 16Mazur P. Meyers H.V. Nakanishi K. El-Zayat A.A.E. Champe S.P. Tetrahedron Lett. 1990; 31: 3837-3840Crossref Scopus (53) Google Scholar, 17Bowers W.S. Hoch H.C. Evans P.H. Katayama M. Science. 1986; 232: 105-106Crossref PubMed Scopus (56) Google Scholar). The pharmacological interest in PGH synthases has inspired extensive investigations on their reaction mechanisms, which have now been thoroughly characterized (2Smith W.L. DeWitt D.L. Semin. Nephrol. 1995; 15: 179-194PubMed Google Scholar, 3Smith W.L. Garavito R.M. DeWitt D.L. J. Biol. Chem. 1996; 271: 33157-33160Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (1847) Google Scholar). PGH synthases and linoleate diol synthase form different enzymatic products, but their oxygenation mechanisms are similar. The first step of catalysis of both PGH synthases and linoleate diol synthase is stereospecific abstraction of a hydrogen from the substrate (2Smith W.L. DeWitt D.L. Semin. Nephrol. 1995; 15: 179-194PubMed Google Scholar, 3Smith W.L. Garavito R.M. DeWitt D.L. J. Biol. Chem. 1996; 271: 33157-33160Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (1847) Google Scholar, 5Brodowsky I.D. Hamberg M. Oliw E.H. J. Biol. Chem. 1992; 267: 14738-14745Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar, 13Hamberg M. Zhang L.-Y. Brodowsky I.D. Oliw E.H. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 1994; 309: 77-80Crossref PubMed Scopus (43) Google Scholar). This step is likely catalyzed by a tyrosyl radical, which has been detected by electron paramagnetic resonance (2Smith W.L. DeWitt D.L. Semin. Nephrol. 1995; 15: 179-194PubMed Google Scholar, 3Smith W.L. Garavito R.M. DeWitt D.L. J. Biol. Chem. 1996; 271: 33157-33160Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (1847) Google Scholar, 8Su C. Sahlin M. Oliw E.H. J. Biol. Chem. 1998; 273: 20744-20751Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (73) Google Scholar, 19Karthein R. Dietz R. Nastainczyk W. Ruf H.H. Eur. J. Biochem. 1988; 171: 313-320Crossref PubMed Scopus (231) Google Scholar, 20Dietz R. Nastainczyk W. Ruf H.H. Eur. J. Biochem. 1988; 171: 321-328Crossref PubMed Scopus (197) Google Scholar, 21Tsai A.L. His L.C. Kulmacz R.J. Palmer G. Smith W.L. J. Biol. Chem. 1994; 269: 5085-5091Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar, 22Stubbe J. van der Donk W.A. Chem. Rev. 1998; 98: 705-762Crossref PubMed Scopus (1364) Google Scholar). The tyrosyl radicals are likely formed after oxidation of the heme iron to a ferryl intermediate (compound I) by PGG2 or (8R)-hydroperoxylinoleate, respectively (8Su C. Sahlin M. Oliw E.H. J. Biol. Chem. 1998; 273: 20744-20751Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (73) Google Scholar, 19Karthein R. Dietz R. Nastainczyk W. Ruf H.H. Eur. J. Biochem. 1988; 171: 313-320Crossref PubMed Scopus (231) Google Scholar, 20Dietz R. Nastainczyk W. Ruf H.H. Eur. J. Biochem. 1988; 171: 321-328Crossref PubMed Scopus (197) Google Scholar). Tyr-385 of ovine PGH synthase-1 is located at the end of the fatty acid substrate channel about 10 Å from the heme iron (23Picot D. Loll P.J. Garavito R.M. Nature. 1994; 367: 243-249Crossref PubMed Scopus (1150) Google Scholar). A series of observations suggests that this and the corresponding tyrosine residue of PGH synthase-2 will form a radical during the cyclooxygenase reaction (2Smith W.L. DeWitt D.L. Semin. Nephrol. 1995; 15: 179-194PubMed Google Scholar, 3Smith W.L. Garavito R.M. DeWitt D.L. J. Biol. Chem. 1996; 271: 33157-33160Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (1847) Google Scholar, 22Stubbe J. van der Donk W.A. Chem. Rev. 1998; 98: 705-762Crossref PubMed Scopus (1364) Google Scholar, 23Picot D. Loll P.J. Garavito R.M. Nature. 1994; 367: 243-249Crossref PubMed Scopus (1150) Google Scholar, 24Luong C. Miller A. Barnett J. Chow J. Ramesha C. Browner M.F. Nat. Struct. Biol. 1996; 3: 927-933Crossref PubMed Scopus (559) Google Scholar). The position of the tyrosyl radical of linoleate diol synthase remains to be determined. The relaxation properties of the tyrosyl radical suggest that it is also located in the vicinity of the heme group (8Su C. Sahlin M. Oliw E.H. J. Biol. Chem. 1998; 273: 20744-20751Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (73) Google Scholar). The second activities of the two enzymes differ. PGH synthases are prominent peroxidases (2Smith W.L. DeWitt D.L. Semin. Nephrol. 1995; 15: 179-194PubMed Google Scholar, 3Smith W.L. Garavito R.M. DeWitt D.L. J. Biol. Chem. 1996; 271: 33157-33160Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (1847) Google Scholar, 25Marnett L.J. Kennedy T.A. Ortiz de Montellano P.R. Cytochrome P450: Structure, Mechanism and Biochemistry. Plenum Publishing Corp., New York1995: 49-80Crossref Google Scholar), whereas linoleate diol synthase catalyzes isomerization of (8R)-hydroperoxy C18 fatty acids into 7,8-dihydroxy C18 fatty acids (5Brodowsky I.D. Hamberg M. Oliw E.H. J. Biol. Chem. 1992; 267: 14738-14745Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar, 6Su C. Brodowsky I.D. Oliw E.H. Lipids. 1995; 30: 43-50Crossref PubMed Scopus (20) Google Scholar, 13Hamberg M. Zhang L.-Y. Brodowsky I.D. Oliw E.H. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 1994; 309: 77-80Crossref PubMed Scopus (43) Google Scholar, 26Oliw E.H. Su C. Skogström T. Benthin G. Lipids. 1998; 33: 843-852Crossref PubMed Scopus (67) Google Scholar). Linoleate diol synthase and PGH synthases thus have two related features in common, viz. formation of a tyrosyl radical and ferryl intermediates. PGH synthases show ∼20% amino acid identity with the mammalian peroxidase gene family (23Picot D. Loll P.J. Garavito R.M. Nature. 1994; 367: 243-249Crossref PubMed Scopus (1150) Google Scholar, 25Marnett L.J. Kennedy T.A. Ortiz de Montellano P.R. Cytochrome P450: Structure, Mechanism and Biochemistry. Plenum Publishing Corp., New York1995: 49-80Crossref Google Scholar). PGH synthases also appear to have regions of amino acid similarity with two plant proteins (27van der Biezen E.A. Brandwagt B.F. van Leeuwen W. Nijkamp H.J. Hille J. Mol. Gen. Genet. 1996; 251: 267-280PubMed Google Scholar, 28Sanz A. Moreno J.I. Castresana C. Plant Cell. 1998; 10: 1523-1537Crossref PubMed Scopus (122) Google Scholar) but lack apparent homology to all previously sequenced dioxygenases. Whether PGH synthases and linoleate diol synthase are homologous proteins has not yet been determined. The aim of the present investigation was to clone and sequence the linoleate diol synthase gene, to determine the deduced primary structure of linoleate diol synthase precursor, and to compare it with PGH synthases and with peroxidases. We report as our main finding that linoleate diol synthase and PGH synthases are structurally related. The similar oxygenation mechanism of PGH synthases and linoleate diol synthase may therefore not be a coincidence. 35S-dATP (1000 Ci/mmol), [α-32P]dCTP (3000 Ci/mmol), dNTPs, [α-33P]ddNTPs, Hybond-N membranes, and DNA labeling beads, T-primed first-strand kit, T7 sequencing, and Thermo Sequenase kits were from Amersham Pharmacia Biotech. TA cloning kits were from Invitrogen. DNA polymerases for PCR were from Perkin-Elmer (AmpliTaq) and from New England Biolabs (Vent (exo−)). Moloney murine leukemia virus reverse transcriptase was from Life Technologies, Inc., and Amersham Pharmacia Biotech. Restriction enzymes were from New England Biolabs. G. graminis was obtained and grown as described (5Brodowsky I.D. Hamberg M. Oliw E.H. J. Biol. Chem. 1992; 267: 14738-14745Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar, 7Su C. Oliw E.H. J. Biol. Chem. 1996; 271: 14112-14118Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (54) Google Scholar). Plant RNeasy mini and agarose gel extraction kits were from Qiagen. Primers for PCR were used without further purification and obtained from TIB Molbiol (Berlin, Germany), Life Technologies, Inc., and CyberGene (Huddinge, Sweden). Purified linoleate diol synthase was subject to in situ digestion in the SDS-polyacrylamide gel with Lys-C. Peptides were isolated by narrow bore reverse phase liquid chromatography on the Smart System (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech) and subjected to amino acid sequencing (Perkin-Elmer ABI 494 Sequencer) as described (29Hellman U. Kamp R.M. Choli-Papadopoulu T. Wittmann-Liebold B. Protein Structure Analysis: Preparation, Characterization, and Microsequencing. Springer Verlag, Heidelberg, Germany1997: 97-104Crossref Google Scholar). Three peptide sequences (peptide 1, (K)XPTVYPNAPGN; peptide 2, (K)FRPHPNK; and peptide 3, (K)INEGGRFK) were used for synthesis of degenerate oligonucleotide primers (peptide 1, Su20 (5′-AARAAYCCTACYGTTTAYCCIAAYGC; peptide 2, Su10 (5′-AARTTYCGTCCTCAYCCTAAYAA and Su11 (5′-TTGTTTGGRTGWGGTCTRAAYTT; and peptide 3, Su31 (5′-CTTAAATCKACCACCYTCRTTDAT). Total RNA was prepared using the RNeasy plant kit (Qiagen). ∼5 μg of total RNA was used in a 33-μl reaction mixture for first strand cDNA synthesis (1 h at 37 °C). The reaction mixture contained reverse transcriptase buffer with 500 units of Moloney murine leukemia virus reverse transcriptase, 15 mm dithiothreitol, 1.8 mm dNTPs, 2.5 μm oligo(dT)16primer (Perkin-Elmer), and 20 units of RNase inhibitor (Perkin-Elmer). Two μl were used as templates in each PCR. It was later found that these samples were contaminated by genomic DNA. The PCR (50 μl) contained 0.4 μm of each primer, 10 mm Tris/HCl, pH 8.3, 50 mm KCl, 2.5 mm MgCl2, 0.2 mm dNTPs, and 1.5 units of AmpliTaq DNA polymerase. The PCR protocol was 94 °C for 1 min, 1 cycle; 94 °C for 30 s, 48 °C for 30 s, 72 °C for 1 min, 30 cycles, and a final extension step (72 °C, 10 min) and then cooled to 8 °C. The amplified cDNAs were cloned in the TA vector pCR2.1. Sequencing of both strands was initially performed using dideoxynucleotide sequencing with T7 DNA polymerase but changed to cycle sequencing (Thermo Sequenase and radiolabeled ddNTPs or ABI Prism Big-Dye terminator cycle sequencing kit (Perkin-Elmer)). The genomic library of G. graminis was constructed by partial digestion of genomic DNA with TspeI and ligation into theEcoRI site of λ-ZAP II (Stratagene, Heidelberg, Germany) as described (30Bowyer P. Clarke B.R. Lunness P. Daniels M.J. Osbourn A.E. Science. 1995; 267: 371-374Crossref PubMed Scopus (201) Google Scholar). A cDNA probe (0.75-kb) was generated by the reverse transcription PCR using primers Su16 (identical with nucleotides 397–421 of the linoleate diol synthase gene) and Su31 and labeled with 32P using the random primer method (31Davis L. Kuehl M. Battey J. Basic Methods in Molecular Biology. Appleton & Lange, East Norwalk, CT1994: 113-458Google Scholar, 32Eun H.-M. Enzymology Primer for Recombinant DNA Technology. Academic Press, San Diego1996: 647-673Crossref Google Scholar). Control experiments with untranscribed RNA showed that this probe was formed by amplification of genomic DNA. Hybridization screening of the genomic library was performed in QuikHyb (Stratagene) as described (31Davis L. Kuehl M. Battey J. Basic Methods in Molecular Biology. Appleton & Lange, East Norwalk, CT1994: 113-458Google Scholar). The Bluescript plasmid was rescued from positive phage clones with helper phage as suggested by the manufacturer. Restriction analysis of the Bluescript plasmids was performed by cleavage withEcoRI, HindIII, EcoRV,XbaI, PstI, SalI, and NotI and size fractioning in 0.8–1.5% agarose gels (31Davis L. Kuehl M. Battey J. Basic Methods in Molecular Biology. Appleton & Lange, East Norwalk, CT1994: 113-458Google Scholar). Fragments generated by HindIII/EcoRI (1.6 kb) andEcoRI (2.8 kb) were subcloned in pCR2.1 for sequencing. Total RNA was size-fractionated by electrophoresis in 1% agarose, 0.22 m formaldehyde gels, transferred to Hybond-N membranes, and hybridized in QuikHyb (Stratagene) with 32P-labeled 0.75-kb linoleate diol synthase cDNA by published methods (31Davis L. Kuehl M. Battey J. Basic Methods in Molecular Biology. Appleton & Lange, East Norwalk, CT1994: 113-458Google Scholar, 32Eun H.-M. Enzymology Primer for Recombinant DNA Technology. Academic Press, San Diego1996: 647-673Crossref Google Scholar). The gapped BLAST algorithm (33Benson D.A. Boguski M.S. Lipman D.J. Ostell J. Ouellette F.F.F. Rapp B.A. Wheeler D.L. Nucleic Acids Res. 1999; 27: 12-17Crossref PubMed Scopus (530) Google Scholar) was used for data base search and for pairwise alignments, whereas the Lasergene Megalign program (Dnastar, Madison, WI) was used for multiple alignments. Total amino acid analysis was performed after acidic hydrolysis at the amino acid laboratory of Uppsala University (courtesy Dr. D. Eaker). Purified linoleate diol synthase has an apparent subunit relative molecular mass of ∼130,000 (SDS- polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (7Su C. Oliw E.H. J. Biol. Chem. 1996; 271: 14112-14118Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (54) Google Scholar)). In situ digestion with endoproteinase Lys-C, peptide separation, and amino acid sequencing (29Hellman U. Kamp R.M. Choli-Papadopoulu T. Wittmann-Liebold B. Protein Structure Analysis: Preparation, Characterization, and Microsequencing. Springer Verlag, Heidelberg, Germany1997: 97-104Crossref Google Scholar) yielded three useful internal peptide sequences ((K)XPTVYPNAPGN; (K)FRPHPNK; (K)INEGGRFK, where (K) denotes the fact that Lys-C cleaves peptides at the C-terminal side of Lys residues), which were used for design of degenerate oligonucleotide primers. The N terminus appeared to be blocked. Other internal peptide sequences were (K)AVDWGHVTYK, (K)RTLAGTRQSDGAFDD, (K)ARAPI, (K)XLAXMY, (K)VTX GPA, and (K)LHQASK. Some peptide sequences were ambiguous or weak but nevertheless useful for finding the correct reading frame (e.g. LVFF(or Q)NP, NIPD(K)EPEK, PAV(T)F (I)FN(D)TLMVR, (K)XXXXDPATXFAXAXD, (K)XXXIF(Q)DT, (K)HLPEMK, and (K)LPPASREGK). The primers Su20 (sense) and Su11 (antisense) generated a band of 550 base pairs, whereas semi-nested PCR, first round Su20 and Su31, second round Su10 (sense), and Su31 (antisense), yielded a band of 480 base pairs. Primers designed downstream of Su20 and upstream of Su31 generated a cDNA band of the expected size (about 1 kb), which contained the deduced amino acid sequence FRPHPNK (peptide 2) in one of its reading frames. The cDNA probe (0.75 kb) yielded a strong signal at 3.7 kb (data not shown). A weak signal at about 2 kb was also noted at lower stringency in some experiments. About 100,000 plaques were screened with a cDNA probe (0.75 kb), and 8 positive clones were obtained. Positive plaques were subject to three rounds of screening. All rescued Bluescript plasmids seemed to contain inserts of the same size (∼7 kb). Restriction analysis and sequencing showed that the coding region of linoleate diol synthase started ∼2 kb from the 5′-end of the insert. The linoleate diol synthase gene with a restriction map is shown in Fig. 1. The 5′-untranslated region of the linoleate diol synthase gene contained a TATA-like box (at nucleotides −31 to −24, TAATAAAT) and a CAAT-like box (at nucleotides −76 to −72, TCAAT) located upstream of the tentative translation start point (GGCGCCA1TGA). The gene appeared to be divided into 4 exons and 3 short introns (TableI). Short introns are characteristic of filamentous fungi (34Turner G. Borda P. Oliver S.G. Sims P.F.G. The Eukaroytic Genome. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK1993: 107-125Google Scholar). The introns were confirmed by sequencing of cDNA. The introns contained a motif similar to the consensus sequence of lariat formation ((C/T)NCT(A/G)A(C/T)) during splicing of RNA of filamentous fungi (34Turner G. Borda P. Oliver S.G. Sims P.F.G. The Eukaroytic Genome. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK1993: 107-125Google Scholar). The GC content of the coding region was ∼60%. About 0.8 kb of the 3′-untranslated region was sequenced, and a polyadenylation signal (AATTAT) (35Edwalds-Gilbert G. Veraldi K.L. Milcarek C. Nucleic Acids Res. 1997; 25: 2547-2561Crossref PubMed Scopus (454) Google Scholar) appeared to be present 54 base pairs from the stop codon.Table IExon and intron boundaries of the linoleate diol synthase precursorIntronDonorIntron sizeLariatAcceptorbp1AGgttcg …85tgctgac… tagC TTC CGASer-128 Phe Arg2ACGgtatg …74tgctaac… cag TCA CCTThr-209 Ser Pro3AAgtaag …74tgctgac… cagG ATC AACLys-283 Ile Asn Open table in a new tab The predicted amino acid sequence of the linoleate diol synthase precursor is shown in Fig. 2. By structural homology with PGH synthases (see below), His-203 and His-379 were tentatively identified as distal and proximal heme ligands, respectively. The sequence contained five possibleN-glycosylation sites, and the sequence NGNGVY(H,P)T(A) was repeated five consecutive times starting at amino acid residue 862. The total amino acid composition of linoleate diol synthase was determined after hydrolysis. These figures were similar to the deduced amino acid composition of the protein precursor (TableII).Table IITotal amino acid composition of linolated diol synthase and deduced amino acid composition of the linoleate diol synthase precursorAmino acidsAbundance in mol %MeasuredaMeasured after acidic hydrolysis of extensively purified linoleate diol synthase. Trp was not determined by this method.PredictedbCalculated from the deduced amino acid composition of the linoleate diol synthase precursor excluding Trp. The predicted Trp content was 1.2%, and the measured content was 1.4% (courtesy of Drs. H. Jörnvall and T. Bergman, Karolinska Institute).Ala9.28.4Arg6.05.2Asx11.012.4Cys1.10.7Glx7.67.4Gly7.97.9His3.03.3Ile5.04.9Leu9.79.8Lys4.95.3Met1.62.3Phe4.44.6Pro7.06.7Ser6.26.0Thr6.46.4Tyr2.62.8Val6.25.9a Measured after acidic hydrolysis of extensively purified linoleate diol synthase. Trp was not determined by this method.b Calculated from the deduced amino acid composition of the linoleate diol synthase precursor excluding Trp. The predicted Trp content was 1.2%, and the measured content was 1.4% (courtesy of Drs. H. Jörnvall and T. Bergman, Karolinska Institute). Open table in a new tab When the predicted amino acid sequence of linoleate diol synthase was subject to BLAST (33Benson D.A. Boguski M.S. Lipman D.J. Ostell J. Ouellette F.F.F. Rapp B.A. Wheeler D.L. Nucleic Acids Res. 1999; 27: 12-17Crossref PubMed Scopus (530) Google Scholar) search of GenBankTM, PGH synthase-2 of horse, rabbit, and chick obtained the highest scores (and lowest E values as follows: 3 × 10−20, 6 × 10−19, 6 × 10−19, respectively). They were followed by all other PGH synthases (E values <10−10). An alignment of linoleate diol synthase with horse and rabbit PGH synthase-2 based on BLAST analysis is shown in Fig.3 A. Thus 391 amino acids of linoleate diol synthase were aligned with 367 amino acids of horse and rabbit PGH synthase-2 with 23–24% amino acid identity and 37% positives (data not shown) with a gap frequency of 24%. A partial alignment of the predicted linoleate diol synthase sequence with chick PGH synthase-2, rat PGH synthase-2 and -1, and ovine PGH synthase-1 was performed with the MegAlign program. The sequence similarity appeared to be restricted to the catalytic domain of PGH synthases (23Picot D. Loll P.J. Garavito R.M. Nature. 1994; 367: 243-249Crossref PubMed Scopus (1150) Google Scholar, 24Luong C. Miller A. Barnett J. Chow J. Ramesha C. Browner M.F. Nat. Struct. Biol. 1996; 3: 927-933Crossref PubMed Scopus (559) Google Scholar), and linoleate diol synthase could be aligned with a similarity index of 25–27%. Both the distal and proximal His heme ligands, the important Tyr residue for catalysis, and Ser, which is acetylated by aspirin, aligned in context with identical amino acids of linoleate diol synthase (data not shown). The similarity of linoleate diol synthase with this set of PGH synthases was most conspicuous (26–54% amino acid identity) along α-helices of the catalytic domains as shown in Fig. 3 B. The first region of apparent homology (26% identical) corresponded to the core helix H2 (residues 196–207 of ovine PGH synthase-1, see Ref.23Picot D. Loll P.J. Garavito R.M. Nature. 1994; 367: 243-249Crossref PubMed Scopus (1150) Google Scholar) with the distal His heme ligand (consensus TH XXFXT, where boldface indicates the distal His) at the edge. The second and third regions contained helices H3 and H5 of PGH synthases with 38 and 32% identical residues. Helix H5 is of interest since it harbors the highly conserved decapeptide sequence (consensus TLWLREHNRL) of mammalian peroxidases (25Marnett L.J. Kennedy T.A. Ortiz de Montellano P.R. Cytochrome P450: Structure, Mechanism and Biochemistry. Plenum Publishing Corp., New York1995: 49-80Crossref Google Scholar). The fourth region contained 54% identical residues and corresponded to core helix H6. The fifth region (33% identical) contained the core helix H8 with the proximal heme ligand and the important Tyr residue (consensus EFNXX Y XWH) of PGH synthases. The sixth region contained helices H11–H16, and linoleate diol synthase was aligned for more than 60 amino acids without gaps, with 35% identical amino acids in helices H15 and H16. A BLAST search of GenBankTM suggested that 70–100 residues of exons 1 and 2 of linoleate diol synthase had sequence similarity with many peroxidases, e.g. human thyroid peroxidase (36Kimura S. Hong Y.S. Kotani T. Ohtaki S. Kikkawa F. Biochemistry. 1989; 28: 4481-4489Crossref PubMed Scopus (125) Google Scholar) and the peroxidase precursor of Drosophila melanogaster(37Ng S.W. Wiedemann M. Kontermann R. Petersen G. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1992; 1171: 224-228Crossref PubMed Scopus (16) Google Scholar). This sequence similarity included and ended near the His residue, which is the distal heme ligand of peroxidases. The set of PGH synthases was followed on the BLAST search by three proteins with apparent homology to linoleate diol synthase (E values <6 × 10−4), viz. a peroxidase-related protein 2The GenBankTM accession number is Z66520. ofCaenorhabditis elegans, and two closely related plant proteins, the feebly protein of tomato (27van der Biezen E.A. Brandwagt B.F. van Leeuwen W. Nijkamp H.J. Hille J. Mol. Gen. Genet. 1996; 251: 267-280PubMed Google Scholar) and the oxygenase ofNicotiana tabacum (28Sanz A. Moreno J.I. Castresana C. Plant Cell. 1998; 10: 1523-1537Crossref PubMed Scopus (122) Google Scholar). Their sequence similarities extended over at least 450, 240, and 380 residues of linoleate diol synthase. All sequences appeared to be homologous around the predicted proximal heme ligand of diol synthase. A partial alignment of the peroxidase-like proteins of C. elegans, D. melanogaster, and N. tabacum with the amino acids around the predicted proximal heme ligands of linoleate diol synthase is shown in Fig. 4 A. Some sequence similarity in the region of the distal heme ligand might also be present (cf. Ref. 28Sanz A. Moreno J.I. Castresana C. Plant Cell. 1998; 10: 1523-1537Crossref PubMed Scopus (122) Google Scholar). A phylogenetic tree of linoleate diol synthase, sheep PGH synthase-1, chick PGH synthase-2, and the oxygenase of N. tabacum, is shown in Fig. 4 B. As discussed above, the amino acid identity between linoleate diol synthase and PGH synthases was most apparent in certain α-helices of PGH synthases. A schematic drawing of some of these α-helices and the position of the heme is shown in Fig. 4 C. We have cloned and sequenced the gene of linoleate diol synthase. We report as our main finding that linoleate diol synthase is homologous to PGH synthases and more distantly related to peroxidases and peroxidase-related proteins. Mature linoleate diol synthase consists of a homotetramer with a relative subunit mass of ∼130,000 as judged from gel filtration and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (7Su C. Oliw E.H. J. Biol. Chem. 1996; 271: 14112-14118Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (54) Google Scholar). The deduced subunit molecular mass of the linoleate diol synthase precursor was somewhat lower than these estimates (108,000), which might indicate post-translational modifications. Nevertheless, the determined amino acid composition of linoleate diol synthase agreed with the predicted composition (TableII). The tertiary structure of PGH synthases can be divided into three folding units (23Picot D. Loll P.J. Garavito R.M. Nature. 1994; 367: 243-249Crossref PubMed Scopus (1150) Google Scholar), the EGF-like module (residues 34–72 of ovine PGH synthase-1), a membrane-binding motif (residues 73–116), and a globular catalytic domain (residues 117–587). 391 amino acids of the catalytic domain of PGH synthases were found to have significant (23–24%) sequence identity with linoleate diol synthase. The sequence identity increased to an average of 36% (range 25–54%) in selected core α-helices, which included the proximal and distal heme ligands and the critical tyrosine residue of PGH synthases. Previous work has shown that linoleate diol synthase is a ferric hemeprotein, which forms a tyrosyl radical and ferryl oxygen intermediates during catalysis (7Su C. Oliw E.H. J. Biol. Chem. 1996; 271: 14112-14118Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (54) Google Scholar, 8Su C. Sahlin M. Oliw E.H. J. Biol. Chem. 1998; 273: 20744-20751Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (73) Google Scholar). The structural homology and the catalytic similarity between PGH synthases and linoleate diol synthase suggest that His-203 (consensus THXXFXT) could be the distal heme ligand of linoleate diol synthase. His-379 could be the proximal ligand and Tyr-376 an important residue for catalysis (consensus EFNXXYXWH). Additional work including site-directed mutagenesis will be needed to confirm that these His residues indeed are heme ligands and to determine both the position and the catalytic function of the tyrosyl radical of linoleate diol synthase. Tyrosyl radicals can be formed by many enzymes, e.g.ribonucleotide reductase, bovine liver catalase, galactose oxidase, and photosystem II, but only the tyrosyl radical of PGH synthases has been demonstrated to be catalytically competent (22Stubbe J. van der Donk W.A. Chem. Rev. 1998; 98: 705-762Crossref PubMed Scopus (1364) Google Scholar). The tyrosyl radical is a powerful oxidant with a redox potential of 0.94 V (22Stubbe J. van der Donk W.A. Chem. Rev. 1998; 98: 705-762Crossref PubMed Scopus (1364) Google Scholar). Indeed, PGH synthases can abstract a hydrogen and introduce molecular oxygen at the monoallylic C-13 of 5,8,11-eicosatrienoic acid in an abortive cyclooxygenase reaction (38Oliw E.H. Hörnsten L. Sprecher H. Hamberg M. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 1993; 305: 288-297Crossref PubMed Scopus (30) Google Scholar, 39Oliw E.H. Hörnsten L. Sprecher H. J. Chromatogr. B. 1997; 690: 332-337Crossref PubMed Scopus (11) Google Scholar), which is in close analogy with the hydrogen abstraction and dioxygenation at C-8 of linoleic acid by linoleate diol synthase (5Brodowsky I.D. Hamberg M. Oliw E.H. J. Biol. Chem. 1992; 267: 14738-14745Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar, 13Hamberg M. Zhang L.-Y. Brodowsky I.D. Oliw E.H. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 1994; 309: 77-80Crossref PubMed Scopus (43) Google Scholar). This analogy and the structural homology suggest that the tyrosyl radical of linoleate diol synthase might be catalytically competent. Linoleate diol synthase also appeared to be homologous to a peroxidase-related protein of C. elegans and with two plant proteins and distantly related to various peroxidases. In contrast to the plant proteins, the peroxidase-related protein of C. elegans appears to be homologous with linoleate diol synthase both at the proximal and distal heme ligands. For many proteins of common ancestry, the tertiary structure has been conserved, whereas the amino acid sequence has changed considerably during evolution. The catalytic domains of PGH synthase-1 and canine myeloperoxidase show approximately 20% amino acid identity, yet their tertiary structures have been described as strikingly similar (23Picot D. Loll P.J. Garavito R.M. Nature. 1994; 367: 243-249Crossref PubMed Scopus (1150) Google Scholar). Linoleate diol synthase and PGH synthases have a somewhat higher degree of sequence similarity (23–24%). It is therefore possible that the catalytic domain of linoleate diol synthase may fold in a similar fashion to the catalytic domains of canine myeloperoxidase and PGH synthases. In summary, both catalytic and structural features suggest that linoleate diol synthase and PGH synthases may belong to the same gene family, which we propose to designate the fatty acid heme dioxygenase family. Two important catalytic characteristics of proteins of this family appear to be the conserved tyrosine residue close to the heme and the proximal His heme ligand and formation of a tyrosyl radical during catalysis. Further studies on linoleate diol synthase may shed some light on the common catalytic mechanism of the fatty acid heme dioxygenases. We thank Dr. Hans Jörnvall (Karolinska Institutet) for generous advice." @default.
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• W2024998432 title "Cloning of Linoleate Diol Synthase Reveals Homology with Prostaglandin H Synthases" @default.
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