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- W2025536972 abstract "The balanced placebo design (BPD) was used to evaluate the independent effects of nicotine dose and smoking-related expectancies on self-reported anxiety, urge to smoke, and withdrawal symptoms. After anxious mood was induced, participants smoked either a de-nicotinized cigarette or one with standard nicotine content. Nicotine dose was crossed with instructions that the cigarette was either de-nicotinized or standard. Nicotine cigarettes produced greater anxiety reduction than de-nicotinized cigarettes. Nicotine instructions attenuated anxiety only among those who held relevant expectancies. Nicotine dose and instructional set interacted such that either nicotine cigarettes or instructions that the cigarettes contained nicotine were sufficient to reduce urge to smoke. Implications of these findings and methodological issues regarding use of the BPD with cigarettes are discussed." @default.
- W2025536972 created "2016-06-24" @default.
- W2025536972 creator A5013002424 @default.
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- W2025536972 date "2002-01-01" @default.
- W2025536972 modified "2023-09-25" @default.
- W2025536972 title "Effects of nicotine dose, instructional set, and outcome expectancies on the subjective effects of smoking in the presence of a stressor." @default.
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- W2025536972 doi "https://doi.org/10.1037//0021-843x.111.1.88" @default.
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