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• W2025773293 abstract "Bacteria injected into the hemolymph of crustaceans are rapidly cleared from circulation; many accumulate in the gills, even though this organ does not contain fixed phagocytic cells. In this study, hemolymph from a shrimp or a lobster was mixed in a culture medium with or without bacteria. In all cases, hemocytes rapidly aggregated to form nodules. As nodules increased in size, the number of free hemocytes, nodules, and bacteria (if present) decreased. Nodule formation was inhibited by the addition of the peptide RGD (Arg-Gly-Asp). The morphology of the nodules formed in the presence and absence of bacteria was examined using light and electron microscopy. Within 10 min, nodules were larger than the small blood spaces of the gills, suggesting that in vivo clearance is the result of physical entrapment of nodules and foreign material in the narrow vessels of the gills. This method of removing foreign material from circulation is discussed in relation to other clearing mechanisms in crustaceans. Additional key words: Crustacea, hemocytes, immunity, gills Bacteria or particles of similar size injected into the hemolymph of decapod crustaceans are rapidly removed from circulation (Cornick & Stewart 1968; McKay & Jenkins 1970; Merrill et al. 1979; White & Ratcliffe 1982). When one million bacteria are injected into a 15-20 g (wet weight) shrimp, Sicyonia ingentis, with an estimated hemolymph volume of 4-6 ml, 80100% of the bacteria are eliminated within 5 min (Martin et al. 1993). Studies with radioactive tracers and dyes show that the gills are the major sites of clearance in shrimps (Martin et al. 1993) and in other decapods, and that they share this role with other organs, in particular the digestive gland (McCumber & Clem 1977; Merril et al. 1979; White & Ratcliffe 1982; Mullainadhan et al. 1984). In most decapods, fixed phagocytic cells lining the vasculature of the digestive gland ingest the foreign material (Johnson 1987; Factor & Beekman 1990; Factor & Naar 1990; Sagrista & Durfort 1990; Factor 1995), but these cells are absent from the digestive gland of shrimps (Johnson 1987; Martin et al. 1993). The mechanism by which foreign materials are cleared from circulation and accumulated in the gills of decapods is unknown. Although cells capable of pinocytosis have been demonstrated in the gills a Author for correspondence. E-mail: gmartin@oxy.edu (Strangways-Dixon & Smith 1970; Foster & Howse 1978; Johnson 1987; Doughtie & Rao 1981), no population of phagocytic cells has been found. Several studies have shown that the number of circulating hemocytes drops significantly following the injection of foreign materials into the blood (Cornick & Stewart 1968; Tyson & Jenkins 1973; Paterson et al. 1976; Smith & Soderhall 1983; Smith et al. 1984; Martin et al. 1993) and that aggregations of hemocytes subsequently occlude the vasculature of the gills (Smith & Ratcliffe 1980; White et al. 1985). Crustacean hemocytes, in addition to containing phenoloxidase, which may initiate immune responses (Soderhall 1982; Johansson & Soderhall 1996), also contain a cell adhesion protein (Johansson & Soderhall 1992) that may serve to bind hemocytes and foreign material in tight aggregations called nodules. If these nodules become sufficiently large, they may become physically trapped in narrow vessels of the body, particularly in the gill vasculature. In this study, we describe nodule formation in vitro with particular attention to the rate of nodule formation, the size of the nodules, and the ability of the nodules to clear bacteria from suspension. In addition, we were interested if the peptide RGD (Arg-Gly-Asp), which is important in cell adhesion studies (Akiyama & Yamada 1985; Hayman et al. 1985), could inhibit This content downloaded from 207.46.13.159 on Sat, 22 Oct 2016 04:37:41 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms Martin, Kay, Poole, & Poole nodule formation in vitro. These data, when compared to diameters of gill-vessels in the gill, support the suggestion that enlarging nodules are physically trapped in the fine vasculature of the gills, where the foreign material may then be degraded by hemocytes." @default.
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• W2025773293 date "1998-01-01" @default.
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• W2025773293 title "In vitro Nodule Formation in the Ridgeback Prawn, Sicyonia ingentis, and the American Lobster, Homarus americanus" @default.
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• W2025773293 doi "https://doi.org/10.2307/3226967" @default.
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